Enzymes in the Valorization of Waste Enzymes play a vital role in the enzymatic hydrolysis of waste for its conversion to useful value-added products. Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Waste for Development of Value-added Products focusses on the role of key enzymes such as cellulase, hemicellulases, amylases, and auxiliary enzymes (LMPOs), used in the hydrolysis step of the biorefinery setup. Further, it discusses the role of enzymes in the gen- eration of reducing sugars and value-added compounds, with major emphasis on recent advances in the field. The mechanism, importance, type, evolution, and role of enzymes in hydrolysis constitute the crux of this volume, which is illustrated with examples and pertinent case studies. Features: • Explores the role of hydrolyzing enzymes in the breakdown and transfor- mation of biomass hydrolysis. • Discusses the potential of auxiliary enzymes (LPMOs) for enhancing hydrolysis potential. • Covers recent developments in the field of enzymatic-assisted hydrolysis of waste for conversion of waste to value-added products. • Deliberates all possible products that can be generated from enzymatic hydrolysis of waste and their potential utilization. • Elucidates the limitations and advantages of enzyme-based hydrolysis and possible strategies for moving from the laboratory to large scale industries. This book is aimed at graduate students, researchers and related industry profession- als in biochemical engineering, environmental science, wastewater treatment, bio- technology, applied microbiology, biomass-based biorefinery, biochemistry, green chemistry, sustainable development, waste treatment, enzymology, microbial bio- technology, and waste valorization. Novel Biotechnological Applications for Waste to Value Conversion Series Editors: Neha Srivastava, IIT BHU Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India and Manish Srivastava, IIT BHU Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India Solid waste and its sustainable management is considered as one of the major global issue due to industrialization and economic growth. Effective solid waste manage- ment (SWM) is a major challenge in the areas with high population density, and despite significant development in social, economic and environmental areas, SWM systems is still increasing the environmental pollution day by day. Thus, there is an urgent need to attend to this issue for green and sustainable environment. Therefore, this proposed book series is a sustainable attempt to cover waste management and their conversion into value added products. Utilization of Waste Biomass in Energy, Environment and Catalysis Dan Bahadur Pal and Pardeep Singh Nanobiotechnology for Safe Bioactive Nanobiomaterials Poushpi Dwivedi, Shahid S. Narvi, Ravi Prakash Tewari and Dhanesh Tiwary Sustainable Microbial Technologies for Valorization of Agro-Industrial Wastes Jitendra Kumar Saini, Surender Singh and Lata Nain Enzymes in the Valorization of Waste Enzymatic Pre-treatment of Waste for Development of Enzyme based Biorefinery (Vol I) Pradeep Verma Enzymes in the Valorization of Waste Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Waste for Development of Value-added Products (Vol II) Pradeep Verma Enzymes in the Valorization of Waste Next-Gen Technological Advances for Sustainable Development of Enzyme based Biorefinery (Vol III) Pradeep Verma Biotechnological Approaches in Waste Management Rangabhashiyam S, Ponnusami V and Pardeep Singh Agricultural and Kitchen Waste Energy and Environmental Aspects Dan Bahadur Pal and Amit Kumar Tiwari For more information about this series, please visit: www.routledge.com/Novel- Biotechnological-Applications-for-Waste-to-Value-Conversion/book-series/NVAWVC Enzymes in the Valorization of Waste Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Waste for Development of Value-added Products Edited by Pradeep Verma First edition published 2023 by CRC Press 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 and by CRC Press 4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC © 2023 selection and editorial matter, Pradeep Verma; individual chapters, the contributors Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. 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For works that are not available on CCC please contact [email protected] Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. ISBN: 978-1-032-03509-3 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-032-03510-9 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-18768-4 (ebk) DOI: 10.1201/9781003187684 Typeset in Times by SPi Technologies India Pvt Ltd (Straive) Contents Preface ......................................................................................................................vii Acknowledgments .....................................................................................................ix Editor .........................................................................................................................xi Contributors ............................................................................................................xiii Abbreviations .........................................................................................................xvii Chapter 1 Bioprocessing Approaches for Enzyme-based Waste Biomass Saccharification ....................................................................................1 Navnit Kumar Ramamoorthy, Puja Ghosh, S. Renganathan, and V. Venkateswara Sarma Chapter 2 Developments in Hydrolysis Processes Toward Enzymatic Hydrolysis in Biorefinery ...................................................................39 Liya Thurakkal, Anna Jose, and Mintu Porel Chapter 3 Overview of the Mechanism of Hydrolytic Enzymes and Their Application in Waste Treatment .........................................61 Pradipta Patra, Manali Das, Bharat Manna, Amit Ghosh, and P. K. Sinha Chapter 4 Cellulase in Waste Valorization ..........................................................91 Manswama Boro, Ashwani Kumar Verma, Dixita Chettri, and Anil Kumar Verma Chapter 5 Cellulosic Bioethanol Production from Liquid Wastes Using Enzymatic Valorization ..........................................................109 Surinder Singh, Diksha, Mohd. Aseel Rizwan, S. K. Kansal, S. Suresh, Mamta Bhagat, Sarika Verma, and S. Arisutha Chapter 6 The Role of Pectinases in Waste Valorization ..................................127 Cecil Antony, Praveen Kumar Ghodke, and Saravanakumar Thiyagarajan Chapter 7 Recent Advances in Enzyme-assisted Hydrolysis of Waste Biomass to Value-added Products ....................................................155 Ria Majumdar, Umesh Mishra, Biswanath Bhunia, and Muthusivaramapandian Muthuraj v vi Contents Chapter 8 Valorization of Recalcitrant Feather-waste by Extreme Microbes ...........................................................................................183 Sanket K. Gaonkar and Irene J. Furtado Chapter 9 The Role of Halophilic Enzymes in Bioremediation of Waste in Saline Systems .............................................................................227 Sushama U. Dessai and Irene J. Furtado Index ......................................................................................................................247 Preface The modern era can be called an era of waste. Rapid population growth has increased the needs of people and accommodating these requirements of a modern fast-paced life has led to the generation of huge amounts of waste. Different anthropogenic activities result in the generation of waste from non-biodegradable plastics to biode- gradable organic or biological products (for example, from agriculture, animal prod- uct processing, forest product processing, marine and municipal waste, and food, feed, textile, pulp, leather processing industries etc.). Waste disposal has been con- sidered one of the most critical issues in current times. Nevertheless, humankind always surprises with a great ability to turn a crisis into an opportunity. With this aim in the past few decades, several processes have been developed to convert these wastes into value-added compounds such as: biobutanol, bioethanol, and other high-value essential compounds. Several physical and chemical methods have been developed to facilitate these conversions and resource recoveries from waste. But the cost involved, environmental concerns and the non-sustainable nature of physical and chemical methods has led the focus to shift toward biological meth- ods. Among several biological methods, the role of enzymes in these important steps of bioconversion of waste to value has been critical. Waste-based biorefineries focus on an integrated system for complete valorization of wastes generated by generation of value-added compounds. The waste biomass consists of lignin, hemicelluloses, cellulose, starch, pectin, lipids and so on that can be used as precursor compounds for generation of several building block chemicals as well as fuels. The production of suitable liquid or gaseous fuel and value-added compounds occur through a series of steps. The role of different enzymes is impor- tant to the biorefinery concept with a critical role in the two most rate-limiting steps of biorefinery: pretreatment and hydrolysis. These enzymes by their action on differ- ent components of the waste can lead to generation of specific oligomers and mono- mers. These oligomeric and monomeric compounds can be subsequently converted to biofuels or can be used as the building block for commercially important chemi- cals. In order to understand the role of enzymes in these two critical steps, their source, structural and mechanistic properties, and technological advancements in the field of enzymology for their application in waste-to-value generation need to be understood. Thus, this book as a part of the book series Novel Biotechnological Applications for Waste-to-Value Conversion consists of nine chapters under the the- matic areas associated with the hydrolysis step of biorefinery. This book provides an insight into enzyme-assisted waste biorefinery via presenting basic information on waste biomass saccharification and the development of the enzymatic hydrolysis process. This book also gives mechanistic insight into enzymatic hydrolysis during waste biomass valorization, with special emphasis on production, purification and overexpression of cellulases and pectinases, and their implementation in waste bio- refinery. Furthermore, recent advances in enzyme-assisted hydrolysis of waste bio- mass to value-added product generation has also been highlighted in this book. Additionally, the role of extreme microbes in the valorization of recalcitrant feather vii viii Preface waste and the bioremediation of saline waste using halophilic enzymes have been systematically presented. This book can provide insight to researchers, students, aca- demicians, scientists, and professionals working in the area of enzyme-mediated waste biomass hydrolysis, valorization, and bioremediation. Acknowledgments First, I would like to convey my gratitude to the series editors, Dr. Neha Srivastava and Dr. Manish Srivastava for inviting us to submit this book in the book series Novel Biotechnological Applications for Waste-to-Value Conversion. I am thankful to CRC Press for accepting my proposal to act as editor for the current book volume. The current volume of this book series is only possible because of the support from all the researchers and academicians who contributed to this book, therefore the editor is thankful for their contributions. I would also like to thank my PhD scholar Dr. Bikash Kumar, currently working as Post-doctoral Researcher at the Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati for providing me with editorial assistance and technical support during all stages of book development. I am also thankful to the Central University of Rajasthan (CURAJ), Ajmer, India for providing infrastructural sup- port and a suitable teaching and research environment. The teaching and research experience at CURAJ has provided the necessary understanding of the needs of aca- demicians, students, and researchers that was greatly helpful during the development of this book. I am also thankful to the Department of Biotechnology for providing me with funds through sponsored projects (Grant No. BT/304/ NE/TBP/2012 and BT/PR7333/PBD/26/373/2012), for setting up my laboratory the Bioprocess and Bioenergy Laboratory. I am always thankful to God and my parents for their bless- ings. I also express my deep sense of gratitude to my wife and children for their sup- port both during the development of this book and in life. ix