Environmental Tobacco Smoke 0311-FM-Frame Page ii Tuesday, August 22, 2000 10:12 AM Environmental Tobacco Smoke Edited by Ronald R. Watson and Mark Witten CRC Press Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C. 0311-FM-Frame Page iv Tuesday, August 22, 2000 10:12 AM Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Environmental tobacco smoke / edited by Ronald R. Watson and Mark Witten. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8493-0311-7 (alk. paper) 1. Tobacco smoke—Toxicology. 2. Tobacco smoke pollution—Health aspects. 3. Passive smoking—Health aspects. I. Watson, Ronald R. (Ronald Ross) II. Witten, Mark L. (Mark Lee), 1953– RA1242.T6 E5725 2000 615.9′52395—dc21 00-057190 CIP This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. 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For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. The consent of CRC Press LLC does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for creating new works, or for resale. Specific permission must be obtained in writing from CRC Press LLC for such copying. Direct all inquiries to CRC Press LLC, 2000 N.W. Corporate Blvd., Boca Raton, Florida 33431. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation, without intent to infringe. © 2001 by CRC Press LLC No claim to original U.S. Government works International Standard Book Number 0-8493-0311-7 Library of Congress Card Number 00-057190 Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Printed on acid-free paper 0311-FM-Frame Page v Tuesday, August 22, 2000 10:12 AM Preface The role of tobacco smoking in causing health problems is well defined. However, the effects of their smoke on non-smokers need further definition. Most non-smokers are exposed to some tobacco smoke each day. While many communities and countries are making certain areas, buildings, and occupations non-smoking and smoke free, the extent of damage due to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) needs definition and prevention. Which of the many diseases, cancers, and pathologies clearly asso- ciated with smoking are tobacco smoke–induced in non-smokers? As public exposure to environmental smoke needs to be reduced, a better understanding of its conse- quences must be developed. In addition, the effects of smoking bans in the workplace and changes in advertising need to be assessed on the exposure of non-smokers to environmental smoke. Animal models, epidemiology studies, and medical reports help define such problems and their consequences. The objective of this book will be to bring into one place the key observations on the nature and effects of ETS exposure. This book will focus on the pathological effects of ETS in pregnant women, newborns, youths, adults, and the elderly. It delves into developing associations with asthma, tobacco allergy, heart disease, and cancer due to ETS. It investigates other pathological effects such as DNA damage, gene activation, and immunosuppression, just beginning to be studied. In addition, this book probes the role of the political system and its laws in modifying behaviors, exposure risk, and health consequences of environmental smoke. The authors sum- marize the ability of antioxidant supplements to lower ETS damage. The effects of restrictions on tobacco smoking in public places are vital to reduce ETS exposure and improve health. In addition, the use of animal models strengthens the precision of studies. The concerns of the tobacco industry and potential problems in defining relationships between ETS and health problems are also included. A major focus relates to obvious and major effects of ETS on lung function promoting asthma, which has increased dramatically in children. Clearly, ETS is a significant health risk that can be eliminated. 0311-FM-Frame Page vi Tuesday, August 22, 2000 10:12 AM 0311-FM-Frame Page vii Tuesday, August 22, 2000 10:12 AM Editors Ronald R. Watson, Ph.D. initiated and directed the NIH Specialized Alcohol Research Center at the University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, for 6 years. Dr. Watson has edited 50 books, including 8 on drugs of abuse. Dr. Watson attended the University of Idaho, but graduated from Brigham Young University in Provo, Utah with a degree in Chemistry in 1966. He completed his Ph.D. degree in 1971 in Biochemistry at Michigan State University in East Lansing. His postdoctoral schooling was completed at the Harvard School of Public Health in Nutrition and Microbiology in Cambridge, Massachusetts, including a 2-year postdoctoral research experience in immunology. He was an Assistant Professor of Immunology and did research at the University of Mississippi Medical Center in Jackson from 1973 to 1974. He was an Assistant Professor of Microbiology and Immunology at the Indiana University Medical School from 1974 to 1978 and an Associate Professor at Purdue University, in Lafayette, Indiana, in the Department of Food and Nutrition from 1978 to 1982. In 1982, he joined the faculty at the University of Arizona, Tucson, in the Department of Family and Community Med- icine. He is also a Research Professor in the University of Arizona’s newly formed College of Public Health. He has published 450 research papers and review chapters. Dr. Watson is a member of several national and international nutrition, immu- nology, cancer, and research societies. Dr. Watson and Dr. Mark Witten are funded by the Arizona Disease Control Research Commission to assess the role of vitamin E on environmental tobacco smoke’s modulation of lung function. Dr. Watson has just set up the first murine model to measure the actions of environmental tobacco smoke on heart function and during mouse AIDS. Mark L. Witten, Ph.D. is currently a Research Professor and Director of the Joan B. and Donald R. Diamond Lung Inquiry Laboratory in the Department of Pediatrics at the University of Arizona College of Medicine. Prior to this appointment, he was an Instructor in Medicine at Harvard Medical School in Boston, Massachusetts. Dr. Witten received his Ph.D. degree with a double major in Physiology and Exercise Physiology at Indiana University in 1983. He has authored over 80 peer- reviewed manuscripts and book chapters. In 1992, he published the first animal model of sidestream cigarette smoke exposure. 0311-FM-Frame Page viii Tuesday, August 22, 2000 10:12 AM 0311-FM-Frame Page ix Tuesday, August 22, 2000 10:12 AM Contributors Ann Aschengrau Teresa Carrillo School of Public Health Allergy Unit Boston University Hospital NTRA SRA del Pino Boston, MA Canary Islands, Spain Edward G. Barrett Anna Maria Castellazzi LRRI Laboratorio di Immunologia Albuquerque, NM Clinica Pediatrica dell’Universita di Pavia David E. Bice IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo LRRI Pavia, Italy Albuquerque, NM Paul D. Blanc Rodolfo Castillo Division of Occupational and Allergy Unit Environmental Medicine Hospital NTRA SRA del Pino Department of Medicine and Canary Islands, Spain Cardiovascular Research Institute University of California Daphne Chan San Francisco, CA Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Carlos Blanco The Hospital for Sick Children Allergy Unit Toronto, Ontario, Canada Hospital NTRA SRA del Pino Canary Islands, Spain Yinhong Chen College of Public Health Michael Brauer and School of Medicine Occupational Hygiene Program University of Arizona School of Occupational and Tucson, AZ Environmental Hygiene University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC, Canada Helen Dimich-Ward Department of Medicine D. Jeff Burton — Respiratory Division IVE, Inc. University of British Columbia Bountiful, UT Vancouver, BC, Canada