tf? S. Hrg. 103-756 ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, AND DEMONSTRATION AUTHORIZATION ACT OF 1993 Y 4.P 10: S. HRG. 103-756 NG Environnental Research, Developnent. . . KE SUBCOMMITTEE OX TOXIC SUBSTANCES, RESEARCH AXD DEVELOPMENT OF THE COMMITTEE ON ENVIRONMENT AND PUBLIC WORKS UNITED STATES SENATE ONE HUNDRED THIRD CONGRESS SECOND SESSION ON S. 1545 A BILL TO AUTHORIZE APPROPRIATIONS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL RE- SEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, AND DEMONSTRATION FOR FISCAL YEARS 1994 THROUGH 1996, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES JULY 21, 1994 Printed for the use of the Committee on Environment and Public Works I U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON 1994 j Forsaleb\ theU.S.GovernmentPrintingOffice SuperintendentofDocuments.CongressionalSalesOffice.Washington.DC 20402 ISBN 0-16-045961-3 \'J S. HRG. 103-756 ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, AND DEMONSTRATION AUTHORIZATION ACT OF 1993 Y 4. P 10: S. HRG. 103-756 NG Environnental Research. Developnent. . . HE SUBCOMMITTEE OX TOXIC SUBSTANCES, RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE COMMITTEE ON ENVIRONMENT AND PUBLIC WORKS UNITED STATES SENATE ONE HUNDRED THIRD CONGRESS SECOND SESSION ON S. 1545 A BILL TO AUTHORIZE APPROPRIATIONS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL RE- SEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, AND DEMONSTRATION FOR FISCAL YEARS 1994 THROUGH 1996, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES JULY 21, 1994 Printed for the use of the Committee on Environment and Public Works J U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 82-545CC WASHINGTON 1994 I ForsalebytheU.S.GovernmentPrintingOffice SuperintendentofDocuments.CongressionalSalesOffice.Washington,DC 20402 ISBN 0-16-045961-3 COMMITTEE ON ENVIRONMENT AND PUBLIC WORKS MAX BAUCUS, Montana, Chairman DANIEL PATRICK MOYNIHAN, New York JOHN H. CHAFEE, Rhode Island GEORGE J. MITCHELL, Maine ALAN K. SIMPSON, Wyoming FRANK R. LAUTENBERG, New Jersey DAVE DURENBERGER, Minnesota HARRY REID, Nevada JOHN W. WARNER, Virginia BOB GRAHAM, Florida ROBERT SMITH, New Hampshire JOSEPH LIEBERMAN, Connecticut LAUCH FAIRCLOTH, North Carolina HOWARDI.M. METZENBAUM, Ohio DIRK KEMPTHORNE, Idaho HARRIS WOFFORD, Pennsylvania BARBARA BOXER, California Peter L. Scher, StaffDirector Steven J. Shimberg, Minority StaffDirector and ChiefCounsel Subcommittee on Toxic Substances. Research and Development HARRY REID, Nevada, Chairman FRANK R. LAUTENBERG, New Jersey ROBERT SMITH, New Hampshire JHOASRREIPSHWI.OLFIFEOBREDR,MAPNen,nsCyolnvnaencitaicut JAOLAHNN KW..SWIAMRPNSEORN,, WViyrogminiinag BARBARA BOXER, California LAUCH FAIRCLOTH, North Carolina .ID CONTENTS OPENING STATEMENTS Page Baucus, Hon. Max, U.S. Senator from the State ofMontana 3 Lieberman, Hon. Joseph I., U.S. Senator from the State ofConnecticut 4 Reid, Hon. Harry, U.S. Senator from the State ofNevada 1 WITNESSES Brown, Hon. George E., U.S. Representative from the State ofCalifornia 6 Prepared statement 33 DeGennaro, Ralph, director, appropriations project, Friends ofthe Earth 25 Prepared statement 59 Foley, Gary, Acting Assistant Administrator for Research and Development, Environmental Protection Agency 10 Prepared statement 35 Response to additional question 15 Ford, Allan, director, Guli Coast Hazardous Substance Research Center, Lamar University 20 Prepared statement 53 Glaze, William H., professor, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina 23 Prepared statement 55 Matanoski, Genevieve, Chairman, Science Advisory Board 17 Prepared statement 52 Schaefer, Mark, Assistant Director, Environment, Office ofScience and Tech- nology Policy 12 Prepared statement 42 Valentine, Hon. Tim, U.S. Representative from the State ofNorth Carolina .... 8 Prepared statement 34 ADDITIONAL MATERIAL S. 1545 70 Statements: Fenske, Richard, associate professor, School of Public Health and Com- munity Medicine, University ofWashington 63 National Institute for the Environment 65 (III) ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, AND DEMONSTRATION AUTHORIZATION ACT OF 1993 THURSDAY, JULY 21, 1994 U.S. Senate, Committee on Environment and Public Works, Subcommittee on Toxic Substances, Research and Development, Washington, DC. The committee met, pursuant to notice, at 9:38 a.m. in room 406, Dirksen Senate Office Building, Hon. Harry Reid, [chairman of the subcommittee] presiding. Present: Senators Reid, Lieberman, and Baucus [ex officio]. OPENING STATEMENT OF HON. HARRY REID, U.S. SENATOR FROM THE STATE OF NEVADA Senator Reid. The committee will come to order. Today, we take the next step toward authorizing appropriations for the EPA's Office of Research and Development. The EPA Office of Research and Development is charged with the duty of providing scientific support to implement our environmental statutes as well as providing basic research to address systematic, environmental, and human health hazards. Recently, the Office of Research and Development, ORD, has been the subject of debate. A recent report by the Mitre Corpora- tion was critical of ORD laboratories and has caused many to call for reform. The Science Advisory Board and others have criticized ORD's research and development strategy as being short-sighted in terms ofnational policy. EPA itself, in response to the Mitre report and other criticism, is drafting its own lab reorganization proposal. Yet with all this de- bate and criticism, we have not had a law reauthorizing ORD since 1981. I believe that congressional leadership is critically needed in this area at this time. Our statutes and regulations must be based on sound science if we are to ensure that our environmental spending is invested in the most effective manner possible. If we are to ex- pect the American public to spend some $115 billion a year in pol- lution abatement, we owe it to them to make sure that the laws are based on sound science. S. 1545 has a number of provisions that would move EPA in this direction. It authorizes $520 million for fiscal year 1995 for EPA's ORD. It requires EPA to upgrade its facilities and equipment and (1) meet generally accepted standards appropriate for conducting re- search. The bill establishes an experimental program to stimulate com- petitive research to enhance competitive peer review. It directs EPA to direct and implement the national human exposure and as- sessment survey to study human exposure and the environmental monitoring and assessment program to study ecological systems. The bill authorizes a number of other research programs, includ- ing research on international development programs, international environmental problems, and lead exposure in drinking water dis- infection. And to enable EPA to develop clear research goals, the bill requires EPA to develop a list of at least 10 environmental haz- ards that present the greatest degree of risk and the greatest de- gree of scientific uncertainty. The bill establishes a program to monitor and evaluate the po- tential for human exposure to pesticides in food, water, soil, and air. The public health and environmental implications of pesticide use are still poorly understood and this research will provide much needed information. I wish to offer my sincere thanks and appreciation to the Senator from Connecticut, Senator Lieberman, for his contribution to this section ofthe bill. This bill includes provisions which create the National Arid Cli- mate Ground Water Research Center to promote and coordinate ground water management research in arid regions. Groundwater is a natural resource of immense importance, providing drinking water for half of the United States population and supplying much of the water needs of livestock and irrigation. Yet in many parts of this country, groundwater supplies are threatened or contami- nated by environmental pollutants. The research conducted by the center will contribute not only to the arid western States, like Ne- vada, but to all States who wish to assure the quality of their groundwater. At this point, I would like to mention two changes that I con- template in S. 1545. The first involves language in section 9 estab- lishing the National Arid Climate Groundwater Research Center. I will propose language be added to this section which will more ac- curately reflect the research center's true regional purpose. As I stated, research conducted at this center will not only benefit Ne- vada, but the entire western part of the United States, which is al- most all arid. The second change I will propose involves section 21 of S. 1545, which provides financial assistance for research on drinking water disinfection. Currently, the bill directs the Administrator to enter into an agreement with the American Water Works Association to conduct disinfection and disinfection byproducts research. So that this research will be conducted with an appropriate level of peer review, I will propose that this bill adopt House language in H.R. 1994. In so doing, EPA will be able to conduct this research on a more competitive basis. In sum, this bill, with these changes, goes a long way toward re- sponding to many ofthe issues raised in debate. I look forward to hearing from our witnesses today and learning more about how we can achieve balance within ORD's dual re- search functions, long-term, and program research and how EPA can create incentives to attract and nurture a sufficient number of highly qualified scientists. The House, under the leadership of Chairman Brown and Con- gressman Valentine, have passed a bill substantially similar to S. 1545. It is my hope that we can move forward to reauthorize this legislation for the first time in 13 years. Senator Reid. I am going to call upon the other members of the committee, but first I want to welcome Chairman Brown and Con- gressman Valentine. We are sorry to see that you are going to leave, Tim. You and I came together. You have been a good friend, as has been Chairman Brown. We are very grateful for your leader- ship in this legislation. Senator Baucus, do you have a statement? OPENING STATEMENT OF HON. MAX BAUCUS, U.S. SENATOR FROM THE STATE OF MONTANA Senator Baucus. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I appreciate your holding this hearing. It is an extremely impor- tant hearing. I also want, at the outset, to commend our colleagues from the other body. Chairman Brown has always been a leader in scientific issues. I have always admired Chairman Brown's work for many, many years. I always take note ofwhat he has to say because when it comes to science, he is on target. The same with Congressman Valentine. I haven't known him quite as long as I have known the chairman, but I do know that his work, too, has been Very helpful. I appreciate both ofthem. Mr. Chairman, I want to commend you, too. You have provided tremendous leadership on environmental research and development generally, and particularly with respect to issues before this com- mittee and EPA. I think everyone in Nevada should be very proud ofyour efforts, as well as the others in the country. The last time Congress passed this bill was in 1981. So this legis- lation is long overdue. Given the historic nature of this session, the passage of the bill would be a tall order, especially if it becomes bogged down with contentious amendments. But nevertheless, I think this bill is extremely important, and I will help to get it passed this year. Senator Reid. Ifthe gentleman would yield, I am going to go vote so that we don't hold up the House members. Please take the Chair until I get back. Senator BAUCUS [assuming the chair]. It focuses attention on many critical issues, including the national human exposure as- sessment survey, research on pesticides, environmental monitoring, health and ecological risk. I cannot stress enough the importance of high quality research. It provides a sound, scientific basis on which to make effective en- vironmental policy. Science issues are an important part of our de- bate. The Senate, for example, considered the Safe Drinking Water Act earlier this year. Issues such as risk assessment, health effects, ex- posure were central issues of the debate. It helped us focus on the right contaminant. It is an extremely important issue. A good ex- ample is radon. We all know that when it comes to radon 5 percent ofthe exposure is in drinking water and 95 percent in air. It is crit- ical that we measure correctly to make sure that our remedies are well tailored to the problem. Science and good research helps us do that. Environmental problems we face today are extremely complex. They can be subtle. They demand much of science and sometimes demand more than science can deliver. Science will never answer all our questions, but policymakers will always need good science in order to exercise good judgment. Furthermore, our leadership in environmental science leads to new technologies, new technologies which can clean up pollution more efficiently and also create jobs. The last few days, Adminis- trator Browner has proposed two forward-looking initiatives to bet- ter enable the EPA to address the complex environmental issues we face. Both the laboratory reorganization plan and the common sense initiative are designed to make EPA more effective in carry- ing out its mission to protect the human health and the environ- ment. That is the kind of focus we need to have in order for our environmental goals to be reached, particularly if we are going to maintain a high level of public support. In closing, let me again commend Senator Reid for calling this hearing, and also praise him for his leadership, as well as Senator Lieberman. Senator Lieberman has been a terrific addition to this committee. I know of no other Senator with more intelligence or dedication or focus than the Senator from Connecticut. I want ev- eryone to know that his presence on the committee is well noted. Senator Lieberman. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. I particularly appreciate those kind words, particularly coming from you. It has been a pleasure to serve with you as chairman the last couple of years. I have a statement that I would ask to be included in the record, then I am going to make three quick points so that we can yield to our friends from the House. Senator BAUCUS. Without objection, your prepared statement will appear in the record. OPENING STATEMENT OF HON. JOSEPH I. LIEBERMAN, U.S. SENATOR FROM THE STATE OF CONNECTICUT Senator Lieberman. As has already been indicated, this bill does get to the heart of the whole question of how to have fact-based en- vironmental protection, which is so much in the air today. Not only has the research and development function at EPA come under some criticism lately, but almost every bill that we pass here is an occasion to raise questions about whether we are basing our actions on science or on our own reactions to pub—lic anxiety. It is a real challenge for us in a democracy to b—alance particularly since most of us are laymen and not scientists our natural desire to be cau- tious and therefore in some measure to over-protect against threats with the standard of fairness that we like to set for ourselves, which is to base our actions on fact as opposed to fear. This division of EPA is at the heart of rational results to that dilemma.