Radioa Medby r l.-L-id rsi Environmental Radioactivity in the Arctic Edited by Per Strand Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority Andrew Cooke Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority 0steras 1995 VOL I o a* Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Environmental Radioactivity in the Arctic, organised by Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority, Norway and Department of Radiation Physics, Lund University, Sweden, held at the Holmenkollen Park Hotel, Oslo, Norway 21st - 25th August 1995. Conference Chairmen Chairman: Per Strand, Norway Vice-chairman: Elis Holm, Sweden Scientific and organizing committee A. Aarkrog, Riso National Laboratory Denmark M.S. Baxter, International Atomic Energy Agency IAEA G. Desmet, European Commission EU E. Holm, Lund University Sweden H.D. Livingstone, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution USA A.I. Nikitin, SPA Typhoon Russia P.V. Ramzaev, Institute of Radiation Hygiene Russia L.O. Reiersen, Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme AMAP K-L. Sjoeblom, International Atomic Energy Agency IAEA J.N. Smith, Bedford Institute of Oceanography Canada P. Strand, Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority Norway National organizing committee G.C. Christensen, Institute for Energy Technology Kjeller A. Cooke, Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority 0steras B. Salbu, Agricultural University of Norway As T.D. Selnaes, Institute of Energy Technology Kjeller L. Skuterud, Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority Osteras P. Strand, Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority Osteras Sponsors The Norwegian Ministry of Environment The Norwegian Royal Ministry of Foreign Affairs The European Commission Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority Conference Secretariat Hans A. Velle (Secretariat leader) Katrine Akrell Kari Thunem Malgorzata K. Sneve Environmental Radioactivity in the Arctic ISBN 82-90362-10-2 Permission to reproduce or translate the information contained in this publication may be obtained by writing to: Scientific Committee of the International Conference on Environmental Radioactivity in the Arctic, c/o: Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority, P.O.Box 55 - N-1340 0steras, Norway Printed by Scientific Committee of the Environmental Radioactivity in the Arctic - Norway, December 1995 CONTENTS Introduction page 0,1 Introduction 1 P. Strand, E. Holm 0,2 Opening address 4 T. Bemtsen 0,3 Chairmans opening Remarks 8 P. Strand 0,4 Opening remarks from AMAP 11 LO. Reiersen 0,5 International Arctic Seas Assessment Project (IASAP) 15 K-L. Sjoeblom, G. Unsley 0,6 DOD/ONR Arctic Nuclear Waste Assessment Program 21 R. Edson 0,7 Radioactivity Assessment in the Arctic Monitoring and 23 Assessment Programme J.M. Sewers, P. Strand Assessment of releases from landbased sources and river transport 1.1 Radioactive contamination in the environment of the nuclear 29 enterprise "Mayak"PA. G.C. Christensen, SV Malyshev, P. Strand, B. Salbu, G.N. Romanov, T.D. Selnaes, D. Oughton, Y.V. Clagolenko. I. Amundsen, A.L. Rudjord, TO. Bjerk, B. Und 1.2 Environmental impact of "Mayak" PA activity. 36 G.N. Romanov 1.3 An assessment of the flux of radionuclide contamination through the 38 Ob and Yenisei rivers and Estuaries to the Kara sea. T. Paluszkiemcz, L.F. Hibler, M.C. Richmond, D.J. Bradley 1.4 Radioactive inventories and sources for contamination of the Kara Sea 51 D.J. Bradley, U.P. Jenquin 1.5 Deposition of Plutonium Isotopes and Cs-137 in Sediments of the Ob 57 Delta from the Beginning of the Nuclear Age. G P. Panteleyev, H.D. Livingstone, F.L. Sayles. ON Medkova 1.6 Distribution of artificial radionuclides in the sediments of some Urals rivers, 65 Ob Basin. A. Trapeznikov, V. Pozolotina, V. Trapeznikova, P. Yushkov .,7 Radionuclides in the Ob-lrtysh river system and their contribution to 68 pollution of the Arctic. A. Trapeznikov, A. Aarkrog, S.P. Nielsen, V. Trapeznikova, P. Yushkov, G. Polikarpov 1.8 An assessment of the Contribution by the Enisey and Ob into total 72 Radioactive Contamination of the Kara Sea Yu. V. Kuznetsov 1.9 1-129 in the Ob river. 75 SB Moran, J.K. Cochran, N.S. Fisher, L.R. Kilius. 1.10 Sr-90 discharge with main rivers of Russia into the Arctic Ocean during 79 1961-1990. V.B. Chumichev 1.11 The study of the radionuclides carry out to the Northern Seas by Enisey 84 River. A. Martynova, A. Nosov, V. Shabanov, V. Vorobiev 1.12 Risk assessment of radioactive contamination for the Yenisei river and 85 its consequences for the Kara sea ecosystem. /./. Kryshev 1.13 An estimation of the impact of radioactive waste discharges into the 88 Enisey river on the Kara sea radioactive contamination. S.M. Vakulovsky 1.14 On 99Tc, 137Cs and 90Sr in the Kara Sea. 91 H. Dahlgaard 1.15 Estimates of fluxes of caesium-137 in northern waters from recent 95 measurements. P.J. Kershaw, P.A. Gurbutt, D.S. Woodhead, K.S. Leonard, J.M. Rees 1.16 Estimation of La Hagne contribution to the artificial radioactivity of 102 Norwegian waters (1992-1996) and Barents Sea (1992-1997) P. Gueguemat, P. Bailly Du Bois, R. Gandon 1.17 Fuel reprocessing Pu in the Arctic Ocean basin: Evidence from Mass 108 spectrometry measurements. J.M. Beasley. LW. Cooper, J.M. Grebmeier. K. Ortandini, J.M. Kelley 1.18 1291 as a tracer of reprocessing discharges in the Arctic oceans. 109 G.M. Raisbeck, F. Yiou, Z.Q. Zhou, LR. Kilius 1.19 Improved estimates of oceanic discharges of1291 from Sellafield and 113 La Hagne. F. Yiou, G.M. Raisbeck, Z.Q. Zhou, LR. Kilius, P.J. Kershaw 1.20 The measurement of 1-129 in the Canadian Arctic Basin and other 117 Arctic waters. LR. Kilius, X-L Zhao, J.N. Smith, KM Ellis 1,21 Iodine -129 in Western Arctic Waters. 121 T.M. Beasley, LW. Cooper, J.M. Grebmeier, LR. Kilius Assessment of dumping of nuclear waste 2.1 Joint Russian-Norwegian Collaboration on Radioactive Contamination 125 from Dumped Nuclear Waste in the Kara Sea - 3 Years with Expeditions to the Dumping Sites: Goals and Investigation. A.I. Nikitin, B. Salbu. P. Strand, G.C. Christensen, V.B. Chumichev, B. Und, H. Fjelldal, TO. Bjerk, T.D. Selnses, A.L. Rudjord, M. Sickel. N.K. Valetova, L Feyn 2.2 Joint Russian-Norwegian Collaboration on Radioactive Contamination 129 from Dumped Nuclear Waste in the Kara Sea - Results from the 1994 Expedition to Abrosimov and Stepovogo Fjords. S. Salbu, A.I.Nikitin, P. Strand, G.C. Christensen, V.B. Chumichev, B. Und, H. Fjelldal, T.D. Selnaes, A.L. Rudjord, M. Sickel, N. Valetova, L Fvyn 2.3 Scenarios for Potential Radionuclide Release from Marine Reactors 135 Dumped in the Kara Sea. N. Lynn, S. Timms, J. Warden, M. Mount, Y. Sivintsev, E. Yefimov, K. Gussgard, R. Dyer, K-L. Sjoeblom 2.4 IAEA-MEL'S Contribution to the Investigation of the Kara Sea dumping 139 sites. ;. Osvath, S Ballestra, M.S. Baxter, J. Gastaud, T. Hamilton, I. Harms, L Liong Wee Kwong, P. Parsi, P.P. Povinec 2.5 Benchmarking of numerical models describing the dispersion of 145 radionuclides in the Arctic Seas. E.M. Scott, P. Gurbutt, I. Harms, R. Heling, S.P. Nielsen, I. Osvath, R. Preller, T, Sazykina, A. Wada, K.L. Sjoeblom 149 waste dumped in the Kara Sea. I.H. Harms 2.7 Radioecological danger of long-lived radionuclides in nuclear reactors, 152 dumped in Arctic. Yu. Sivintsev, O. Kiknadze 2.8 Doses to man from dumping of radioactive waste in the Arctic Seas. 156 S.P. Nielsen, P. Strand 2.9 A radioecological model of radionuclide bioaccumulation in the 159 ecosystems of the Barents and Kara Seas, T.G Sazykina 2.10 Assessment of radiological contamination from the dumpsites in the 162 Kara Sea. G.I. Ivanov, Yu.K. Bordukov, LV. Polyak, P.I. Krinitski, A.V. Nescheretov, A.D. Krasnyuk, KM. Ellis. 2.11 Results of the gammaspectrometric analysis of sediment samples from the 163 1994 Norwegian/Russian expedition to the Kara Sea. AW. VanWeers. 2.12 Mobility of radionuclides in sediments from Abrosimov and Stepovogo Fjords. 168 P. Berretzen, H. Fjelldal, H. Lien, D.H. Oughton, B. Salbu. 2.13 Uptake of radioactive contaminants by sediment from three stations in 173 the Kara Sea. M. Fuhrmann, H. Zhou, J. Neiheisel, R. Dyer 3 Arctic Radioecology 3.1 Radionuclide sources in the Barents and Kara Seas. 179 J.N. Smith, KM. Ellis, S. Forman, L Polyak, G. Ivanov, D. Matishov L Kilius. S. Dahle 3.2 Mobilization of radionuclides from sediments: Potential sources to 186 Arctic Waters. DH. Oughton, P. Benetzen, B. Mathisen, B. Salbu, E. Tronstad 3.3 Transport of radionuclides from the Kara Sea: Potential "Shortcuts" in 191 space and time. S.L Pfirman, J.W. Kegeler, B. Anselme 3.4 Cesium-137 contamination in Arctic Sea Ice. 195 D. Meese, L Cooper, I.I. Larsen, W. Tucker, E. Reimnitz, J. Grebmeier. 3.5 Sea Ice production and transport of pollutants in the Laptev Sea, 1979-1992. 199 /. Rigor, R. Colony 3.6 Distribution of artificial radionuclides in the Arctic Oceans from the 1994 204 Arctic Ocean section. KM. Ellis, J.N. Smith, R.P. Nelson, L Kilius, R. Macdonald. E. Carmack, S.B. Moran 3.7 Radioactivity levels in Barents, Petshora, Kara, Laptev and White Sea. 208 K. Rissanen, D. Matishov, G.G. Matishov 3.8 Tha Barents Sea, its fisheries and the past and present status of radioactive 215 contamination, and its impact on fisheries. L. Feyn, I. Svaeren 3.9 Radiocaesium in marine fish, shrimps and scallops in coastal waters of 221 Northern Norway and in the Barents Sea - measured over a period of two years. 7. Solberg, T. Hellstrom, I.M.H. Eikelmann. 3.10 Plutonium in fish, algae, and sediments in the Barents, Petshora, and Kara Sea. 227 T.K. Ikaheimonen, K. Rissanen, D.G. Matishov, G.G. Matishov 3.11 Peculiarities of radionuclides' accumulation in benthic organisms and fish 233 of the Barents and Kara Seas. D.G. Matishov, G.G. Matishov, K. Rissanen 3.12 Reconstruction and prediction of radioactive contamination of the ecosystems 238 of the Arctic Seas. ;./. Kryshev 3.13 Kola fjord and sediment radioactive contamination in the vicinity of nuclear 241 ice breakers fleet base. A. Namjatov 3.14 Mobility of radionuclides in Irish Sea sediments. 245 H. Fjelldal, H. Lien. D.H. Oughton, B. Salbu 3.15 Distribution and inventories of Pu, Am, 210Pb and 137Cs in sediments around 250 Svalbard. P. Roos, E. Holm, D. Josefsson, S. Hulth, P. Hall 3.16 Multidisciplinary investigation of the Saint Anna Trough, Kara Sea: 254 Assessment of radiological situation. G.I. Ivanov, L.V. Polyak, Yu.K. Bordukov, A.Ye. Rakhmanov, A. V. Nechsheretov, V.P. Shevchenko. 3.17 Radionuclear Analysis of SL Anna Trough sediments. 255 R.A. August, G. W. Philips, S.E. King, P.J. Burkett, G.I. Ivanov, YuK. Bordukov, L Polyak, P.I. Krinitski, A.V. Nescheretov, A.D. Krasnyuk. 3.18 Mobilization of wSr and other radionuclides from Mayak and Chernobyl 256 sediments and soils. E. Tronstad, D.H. Oughton, A. Ncren, B. Salbu, L Skipperud, A.P. Clacher, G.N. Romanov, P. Strand, 6.C. Christensen. 3.19 Mapping of radioactivity in Topsoil (0-5cm) and Reindeer lichens in parts 261 of the Barents region. J.H. Halleraker, M. Ayras, V.A. Chekushin, C. Reimann, K. Rissanen, T. Strand 3.20 The Russian-Swedish tundra radioecology expedition 1994. 266 B.R.R.Persson, E.Holm, K.A. Carlsson, D. Josefsson, P. Roos. 3.21 Radiocaesium and 1MI along the Russian coast Preliminary results 273 from the Swedish Russian Tundra Ecology Expedition 1994. D. Josefsson, E. Holm, B.R. Persson, P. Roos, J.N. Smith, L Kilius 3.22 Radiocesium in semi-natural ecosystems in Ser-Varanger, North-Norway. 276 I.M.H. Eikelmann, L Fie, E. Larsen. 3.23 The radioecological situation in the reindeer herding area of the Kola 282 Peninsula. A.A. Doudarev, S.V. Bylinkin, V.V. Chugunov, G.I. Miretsky, A.O. Popov, T. Rahola, T.Jaakkola, K Rissanen, E. Illukka, M. Suomela, M. Tillander 3.24 Effects of the Chernobyl accident on radioactivity in Swedish reindeer. 287 6. Ahman, G. Ahman 3.25 Radiocaesium in reindeer breeders in Northern Norway since 1965. 290 T.D. Selnass, P. Strand 3.26 Intercomparison of Finnish and Russian whole-body counters used for 294 the determination of "7Cs body burdens in reindeer-herding populations. T. Rahola, M. Tillander, E. Illukka, M. Suomela, T. Jaakola. G.I. Miretsky, A. A. Doudarev, O.A Theodorovich, A.O. Popov. 3.27 A radioactivity database and radioation exposure estimate for residents of 299 the Canadian Arctic. B.L Tracy, M.L. Walsh 3.28 Radioecology situation and hearth status of native population in the far east 303 of Russian Arctic. G.I. Miretskiy, 6.6. Lebedev, E.I. Komarov, A.O. Popov, P.V. Ramzaev. 3.29 The reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel in Siberia. 307 N. Behmer 3.30 Primary results of feasibility study on assessment of actual and potential 309 radioecologic situation caused by radioactive wastes in the seas surrounding the territory of the Russian federation. S A. Lavkovsky, V.N. Lystsov, V.N. Vavilkin 3.31 RADAM - Expendable gamma monitoring units for military and civil use. 315 U.R. Aakenes. 3.32 Airborne activity measurement in the Norwegian and Barents Sea. 323 T. Enguy, A. Ullegraven 3.33 Anomalous 1-129 concentrations in Arctic Air Samples. 326 L.R. Kilius. X-LZhao, LA. Barrie 4 Assessment of nuclear weapons explosions and accidents 4.1 Hypothetical doses from ingestion of marine products contaminated 331 with plutonium in an Arctic environment A. Aarkrog. 4.2 The radioecological consequences after explosion of the most powerful 335 atomic bomb on Novaya Zemlya. V.V. Chugunov, P.V. Ramzaev. 4.3 Peturbation in the 24oPu/239Pu global fallout ratio in local sediments following 339 the nuclear accidents at Thule (Greenland) and Palomares (Spain). P.I. Mitchell, L.L Vintro, H. Dahlgaard, C. Gasco, J.A. Sanchez-Cabeza. 4.4 The environment of the nuclear test sites on Novaya Zemlya. 346 J. Skorve 4.5 The sunken nuclear submarine Komsomolets and its effects on the 350 environment S. Heibr&ten, P.E. Thoresen