E FOREWORD BY THE SECRETARY OF STATE FOR THE ENVIRONMENT EarlierthisyearthePrimeMinistersignedtheUnitedNationsFramework ConventiononCInnateChangeonbehalfoftheUK.ThisConventionwasthe culminationofmanyyearsofscientificandtechnicalanalysisbytheinternational community,andtwoyearsofintensenegotiationsundertheauspicesoftheUnitedNations GeneralAssembly.IbelievetheConventionisasignificantstepforwardinthe internationalresponsetothethreatofclimatechange. TheConventionhasnowbeensignedbyoverISOnations.Onentryintoforceit willcommitdevelopedcountrypartiestodrawupprogrammesofmeasuresaimedat returningemissionsofcarbondioxide(CO2)andothergreenhousegasestotheir1990 levelsbytheyear2000. TheGovernmentwillbeworkingtoensurethattheConventionis translatedintoeffectiveinternationalaction.AspartofthisprocessweinBritainmust nowdrawupourownprogrammesforimplementingtheConventionagreements.The firstpriorityisC02. IdonotbelievethatitwouldbelightfortheGovernmentalonetodeterminethe contentofourC02programme.Businessesandindividualscanmakeasignificant contributionbytheirownactions.NearlyhalfofourC02emissionsareattributableto energyusedbyindustryandcommerce.Individualhouseholds(includingprivateuseof cars)accountforafurther40%ofnationalemissions. ThroughthisdiscussiondocumentIaminvitingbusinesstocommititselftotaking actionaspartofournationalprogramme.AndIamseekingviewsonthescopefor individualstotakefurthervoluntaryaction.Themoreeachsectorofoureconomycan achievethroughvoluntaryactiontomeetself-imposedtargets,thelesswillbetheneedfor Governmentintervention. ButtheGovernmentisnotshirkingitsownresponsibilities. Weneedtodecide whatactiontotaketosupplementandsupportactionbyindustry commerceand , households.Theoptionsaresetoutinthisdocument.Iinviteviewsonthischoice. Theoverallaimmustbetochoosethemostcost-effectivecombinationofmeasures. Devisingeffectiveandefficientmeansoflimitingemissionsmeetstwogoals.Itwillenable ustomaintain,perhapsinsomesectorsoftheeconomyevenimprove,oureconomic performance.Anditcanmakeitmucheasiertopersuadeothercountriesthattheytoo shouldplaytheirfullpart.Ilookforwardtoafulldebateontheseissuesoverthenext threemonths. REF ti£Nvfe oH.i,.\ rm% Mr.wm fmiw«p?mrmummt RtHonMichaelHoward,QCMP 1 PrintedimagedigitisedbytheUniversityofSouthampton LibraryDigitisation Unit PREFACE Thisdiscussiondocumentisintendedtostimulatepublicdebateabouttheways inwhichindividuals,businessesandotherorganisationscancontributetotheUK’s nationalprogrammeforlimitingemissionsofcarbondioxide(C02),themain greenhousegas,uptotheyear2000.Thedocumentdoesnotdiscusstheeffectof changesinthebalanceoffuelsusedintheelectricitygeneratingsector.Theseissues willbeaddressedinthelightofdecisionstakenpursuanttotheCoalReviewannounced bythePresidentoftheBoardofTradeon26October. Chapter1describesthemainprinciplesoftheClimateChangeConvention. Chapters2and3thenlookatthesourcesofC02emissionsintheUKandthe prospectsfortheyear2000. Chapters4-7describetheopportunitiesforindividuals,businessesandpublic sectorbodiestotakeactiontoreduceC02emissions.Viewsareinvitedonthescope forvoluntaryactiontocontributetotheprogramme. Chapter8describestheoptionsforGovernmentmeasures.Arangeof instrumentsisavailable.Economicinstrumentsarelikelytoprovidethemostflexible andcost-effectivewayofencouragingactiontolimitemissions,althoughtheymay needtobesupplementedbyothermeasuresdirectedatspecificproblems. Respondentstothispaperareinvitedtofocusonthefollowingspecificissues: • Whatcanbeachievedbyvoluntary7actiononthepartofindividualstolimit theemissionsforwhichtheyareresponsible(chapter4) • Whatcanbeachievedbybusinesstolimittheemissionsforwhichtheyare responsible(chapter5) • Howfarcanindustryandcommercecontributebyproducinggoodsandservices thathelpotherstoreduceC02emissions(chapter6) • InsofarasfurtherGovernmentmeasuresareneeded,whatmeasuresarecost- effectiveandW'ouldbesthelpindividualsandbusinessestoreduceemissions (chapter8) Twocopiesofresponsesshouldbesentby31.March1993to: AlsCJones DepartmentoftheEnvironment GlobalAtmosphereDivisionn RoomB247 RomneyHouse 43MarshamStreet LondonSW'lP3PY TheDepartmentmaywishtopublishresponsestothisdocumentinduecourse, ordepositthemintheLibrariesoftheHousesofParliamentortheDepartment’s library7.Wewouldincludeallresponses,unlesswearespecificallyrequestedtotreata responseasconfidential.Confidentialresponseswillnonethelessbeincludedinany statisticalsummary7ofnumbersofcommentsreceivedandviewsexpressed. PrintedimagedigitisedbvtheUniversityofSouthampton LibraryDigitisationUnit CONTENTS Chapter Page Chapter Page 1 THETHREATOFCLIMATE 7 VOLUNTARYACTION- CHANGEANDTHE THEPUBLICSECTOR 21 INTERNATIONALRESPONSE * 4 •ActionUnderway •GreenhouseGases •OptionsfortheFuture • ImprovingOurKnowledge •TheNeedforPrecautionand 8 OPTIONSFOR InternationalCooperation GOVERNMENTMEASURES 24 •TheConvention'sApproach •MeasuresOutsidethe •TheNationalProgramme TransportSector • Monitoring •Transport •SummaryofMainOptions 2 CARBONDIOXIDE forGovernmentMeasures EMISSIONSINTHEUK~ SOURCES 6 9 THENATIONALPROGRAMME 29 •WhatCausesUKCarbon •FormoftheProgramme DioxideEmissions? •ThePotentialContribution •CurrentEmissions ofVoluntaryAction •TheOptionsfor 3 THEPROSPECTSFORC02 GovernmentMeasures •EMISSIONSTO2000 7 •IllustrativeCombinations •TrendsinC02Emissions ofOptions •TheSavingsNeeded • CombinedHeat 10 BEYOND2000 31 andPower • RenewableEnergy • EnergyEfficiency •NuclearPower •Transport 4 VOLUNTARYACTION~ ANNEX:CURRENTACTION THEINDIVIDUALCITIZEN 10 • UnderlyingTrends TOREDUCEC02EMISSIONS 33 •OptionsforAction •CurrentActiontohelp individualstoreduce 5 VOLUNTARYACTION~ emissionsattributableto INDUSTRY&COMMERCE 13 energyuseinthehome • UnderlyingTrends •CurrentActiontoreduce emissionsattributabletoenergy • OptionsforAction: ~MajorEnergyUsers usebyindustryandcommerce, ~LightIndustry, andthepublicsector Commerce& •Transport SmallBusinesses NOTES 35 6 VOLUNTARYACTION~ LISTOFABBREVIATIONS 36 PROVIDINGENERGY FURTHERREADING 37 EFFICIENTPRODUCTS ANDSERVICES 18 FURTHERINFORMATION 37 3 PrintedimagedigitisedbytheUniversityofSouthamptonLibraryDigitisationUnit I THE THREAT OF CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE INTERNATIONAL RESPONSE GREENHOUSE GASES 1.1 TheClimateChangeConventionisconcernedwithreducingtheriskofclimate changebylimitingtheincreaseinemissionsofgreenhousegases.Manyofthesegases, suchascarbondioxideandmethane,arealreadypresentintheatmosphere.Theytrap thesun’sheat,warmingtheearth’ssurfaceandkeepingtheworldhabitable.However overthelasthundredyearstheconcentrationsofsomeofthesegaseshavebegunto rise.Emissionsfromhumanactivity,suchasfossilfuelburningandwidespread deforestation,arethemaincause. 1-2 Theconcentrationsofgreenhousegasesintheatmospherearenowapproaching levelsunprecedentedforatleastthelast100,000years,sothereisnoeasywayof judgingfromthepastwhattheeffectoffurtherincreasesingreenhousegaseswouldbe. Wecanonlyusecomputersimulations.Theseneedsomeoftheworld’slargestand fastestcomputers-andthemodelsofman-madeclimatechangestillneedfurther development.Yetourobjectivemustbe,asidentifiedintheClimateChange Convention,toensurethattheman-madegreenhouseeffectdoesnotproduce dangerousclimatechange,andthatchangedoesnotoccurataratetoofastfornatural eco-systemstoadapt,orataratethatwoulddisruptworldfoodproduction. IMPROVING OUR KNOWLEDGE 13 Itmustbeourveryfirstprioritytoimproveourscientificknowledgeofclimate change. Thescaleofthescientificchallengemeansthatitcanonlybemetbyan internationaleffort.1heClimateChangeConventionhasanArticlededicated specificallytointernationalco-operationinassessingthepossiblechangestoclimate andtheconsequentimpacts.TheUKwillbeplayingitsfullpartthroughtheworkof theHadleyCentreattheMeteorologicalOffice,andthroughtheworkoftheResearch Councils.Howeveritisclearthatitwilltakesometentofifteenyearsforthemain scientificuncertaintiestoberesolved.InthattimeworldemissionsofCO-,maybe25% higherthroughthecontinuedgrowthoftheworldeconomyandworldpopulation. 1.4 TheUNEPAVMOIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangehasassessed thebestevidenceavailable.Theyhaveconcludedthatifemissionscontinuetogrowat theircurrentprojectedratestheworldcouldbegintowarmatsomethreetim.esthe rateseeninthepast,thatsealevelsmaybegintoriseastheseaswarm,andthatrainfall andotherregionalclimaticpatternsmaybegintomove,withdryinginsomeimportant areasofagriculturalproduction.Whilewecanbegintoassesstheglobalimpactsof climatechange,itwillbesometimebeforewecanaccuratelypredictnationaloreven regionalimpacts. THE NEED FOR PRECAUTION AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION 13 ThePanel’sreportrecognisesthemanyuncertaintiesintheseprojectionsofthe effectofcontinuingemissionsofgreenhousegases,givenourpresentstateof knowledge.However,thegasesconcernedareintimatelyconnectedwithhuman society.Emissionscannotjustbeturnedoffovernightifweexperienceunwanted cumatechange.Thisproblemiscompoundedforsomegreenhousegasessuchas 4 PrintedimagedigitisedbvtheUniversityofSouthampton LibraryDigitisationUnit one carbondioxidewhich,oncereleased,remainsintheatmosphereforverymanydecades. Inthelightofthescientificconsensusthatthethreatofman-madeclimatechangeis bothrealandserious,precautionisnecessary. 1.6 Thecontrolofgreenhousegasesisnotinthegiftofanyonenation.Eventhe largestemitterofcarbondioxide(theUSA)onlyaccountsfor24%ofworldemissions. TheUK’scontributionisbarely3%ofworldemissions.Ifwearetocontainpotentially damagingordangerouschangestoourclimate,wemustworktogetherwithallour globalneighbours. THE CONVENTION’S APPROACH 1.7 TheClimateChangeConventionreflectsboththeneedtotakeaprecautionary stepbystepapproach,andtheneedforactionatagloballevel.Itrequiresallcountries totakeappropriatemeasuresonthecontrolofgreenhousegases.Inparticular developedcountrypartiesundertaketodrawupnationalprogrammeswiththeaimof returningtheiremissionsofeachgreenhousegasto1990levelsby2000.Inrecognition oftheneedcontinuallytoreassessthedevelopingstateofscientificknowledge,the Conventionsetsthedeadlineof1998forareassessmentofthescienceand considerationofwhatfutureaimsmightbeappropriate. THE NATIONAL PROGRAMME 1.8 Britaincontinuestoplaceimportanceontheacceptancebyothercountriesof theirConventioncommitmentssoastoensureeffectiveaction.AttheG7summitin MunichinJuly1992theleadingindustrialisedcountriesurgedothercountriestojoin theminseekingtoratifytheConvention,andinpublishingtheirfirstnational programmesundertheConvention,bytheendof1993. 1.9 TheseprogrammeswillneedtocoveralltheConventioncommitments,andall greenhousegases.Thefirstpriorityistodrawupaprogrammeforlimitingemissions ofC02,themaingreenhousegas.Inordertodemonstratethatwewillmeetthe Conventioncommitment,thisprogrammemustsetoutclearlythemeasuresthatwill betakentolimitemissionsandtheeffectthesewillhaveonemissionsintheyear2000. MONITORING 1.10 TheConventionincludesarequirementforperiodicupdatingofnational programmes.Wewillneedtomonitortheeffectsoftheprogrammeusingenergy consumptiondatatoensurethatweremainoncourseandreviewtheprogrammeas necessary. 5 PrintedimagedigitisedbytheUniversityofSouthamptonLibraryDigitisationUnit ^ CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS IN THE UK ~ SOURCES WHAT CAUSES UK CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSIONS? 2.1 96%oftheUK’sman-madecarbondioxideemissionscomefromtheburningof fossilfuelsforenergyuse.1Thisdiscussiondocumentlooksatwaysinwhichwemight adjustourenergyuseinordertolimitCO?emissions.Themainfossilfuelsarecoal,oil andgas.HoweveragivenamountofenergyconsumptionwillleadtodifferentC02 TEambilsesi2o.n1:Coefficients ecmairsbsoinoninstednespietyn.diCnogalonistthheefmuoesltusceadr.bTohniisntisenbseicvaeufsueeld,ifafnedregnatsftuheleslveaasrtycianrtbhoenir intensive. 1990 kgC/kWh 2.2 Table2.1givesCO?emissioncoefficientsforeachofthemainfossilfueltypes. Gas 0.06 MgiovsetsreilseectirnidciirteycitslygetnoeCraOt?edemfirsosmiobnusr.nTihngeftoasbslilefiunecllsuadtespoanweerstsitmaattioenosfstohietsauvseeraagleso Oil 0.08 Coal 0.09 effectivecarboncontentofelectricity,basedonthecurrentpatternoffuelusefor Coke 0.10 electricitygeneration. Othersolidfuel 0.13 CURRENT EMISSIONS Electricity 0.20 2e.m3issioCns0i2ne1m9i9s0sitoontaelslteidm1at6e0smairlelidoenritvoendnefsroomfceanrebrogny(cMontsCu)m2p.tTiaobnleda2t.a2.sUhKowsC0U2K CO?emissionsin1990bysource(thatisaccordingtowherethefuelisfirstused).For households,industryandagriculture,andthecommercialandpublicsectors,this excludesemissionsattributabletotheiruseofelectricity.Table2.3showsemissionsin 1990withpowerstation,refineryandotherfuelprocessingemissionsattributedtothe endusersoftheenergy.3 C02Emissions: bySource C02Emissions, 1990 Table2.2: Table2.3 bySource byFinal E MtC % MtC % 1PowerStations 54 34 — — 1Refineries 5 3 — 1Households 22 14 41 26 1Industryandagriculture 37 23 56 35 1Commercialandpublicsector 8 5 24 15 byFinal EneCr0gy2CEmoinsssuiomnesr: f1ROtohaedrtrtarnasnpsoprotrt3 340 129 335 213 TOTAL 160 160 2.4 Justoverhalfoftransportemissionsin1990wereaccountedforbyprivateuseof carsandoveraquarterbyindustrial,commercialandpublicsectoruseofroad transport(seetable9.1). 6 PrintedimagedigitisedbvtheUniversityofSouthampton LibraryDigitisationUnit THE PROSPECTS FOR C0 EMISSIONS TO 2000 2 TRENDS IN COj EMISSIONS 3.1 ChangesinC02emissionsdependonchangesinenergyconsumptionandin thetypesofenergyused. 3.2 Changesinenergyconsumptionarerelatedtochangesineconomicactivity,but therelationshipisnotstraightforward.Overthelast100yearstheUKhasexperienced adeclineintheamountofenergyusedtoproduceagivenamountofeconomicoutput (theenergy:GDPratio).Thishasbeentheresultpartlyofthegradualshiftinoutput fromhighlyenergyintensiveactivities(egheavyengineering)tolessenergyintensive activities(tightermanufacturingindustriesandservices),andpartlyofthegradual improvementinenergyefficiencyasaconsequenceoftechnologicalchangeandthe continuingmodernisationofcapitalequipment. 3.3 Overalltheenergy:GDPratiohasimprovedatarateofabout1.25%ayear since1945,improvingmorequicklyattimesofhighenergyprices(eginthemidtolate 1970s)andlessquicklyattimesoflowenergyprices.Thisimprovementisexpectedto continueoverdiedecadeto2000,buttherateofimprovementwillcontinuetodepend tosomeextentonthelevelofenergyprices. 3.4 Thetypeofenergyusedisalsoimportantgiventhedifferencesincarbon intensitiesbetweenenergytypes(seetable2.1).Inthepast,ashiftfromcoaltogasuse byhouseholdershashelpedtoreduceC02emissions.Thisisnowlevellingoff. Differencesinthebalanceoffuelusedintheelectricitygeneratingsectorcan significantlyaffectC02emissions.Withcurrenttechnology,generatingelectricityfrom gasproducesabouthalftheC02emissionsperunitofelectricitycomparedwith generationfromcoal.Thegrowthinenergyusedforroadtransportasaproportionof totalenergydemandisalsoanimportantfactorastheonlyfuelscurrentlywidelyused fortransportarederivedfromoil. 3.5 ProjectionsofenergydemandandC02emissionsunderarangeofassumptions aboutfutureeconomicgrowthandenergypriceswerepublishedin1989inEnergy Paper58.Thesewererevisedduring1991andtherevisedprojectionspublishedas EnergyPaper59(EP59). 3.6 TherangeofemissionsgiveninEP59fortheyear2000is157to179MtC, comparedwithemissionsin1990of160MtC.OnthebasisofEP59,aprojectionof around170MtC,correspondingtothecentralgrowthscenariocombinedwiththe lowerenergypriceassumption,wouldbeareasonablebaselineforournational programme.Howeversomeoftheassumptionsunderlyingtheseprojectionswillcome underscrutinyintheCoalReviewand,inmonitoringprogresswiththenationalC02 programmeduringthe1990s,wewillneedtokeeptheunderlyingprojectionunder review.Changesinlong-runtrendsineconomicgrowthratesorexogenouschangesin energyprices(whichareunpredictable)couldchangetheunderlyingtrendin emissions.SinceEP59waspreparedagreementhasbeenreachedontheestablishment ofanewEnergySavingTrust(seepage25).Thiscouldreduceemissionsby2-3.5MtC by2000. 7 PrintedimagedigitisedbytheUniversityofSouthampton LibraryDigitisationUnit three Table3.1:EmissionprojectionsbysectorunderthecentralscenarioinEP596 milliontonnescarbon(MtC) 1990 1995 2000 2005 2020 j Households 41 39 41 42 42 ! Industry/agriculture 56 56 58 61 7! j Commercial/public 24 23 26 30 45 I Transport 38 41 45 49 62 TOTAL 160 159 170 183 221 | THE SAVINGS NEEDED 3.7 Savingscaninprinciplebemadeinthreeways:switchingtolesscarbon intensivesourcesofenergy,supplyingdeliveredenergymoreeffectively (particularlythroughtheuseofcombinedheatandpower),orusinglessenergyat thepointoffinaluse(egbyimprovingtheenergyefficiencyofappliancesand processes).ThisDiscussionDocumentlooksattheoptionsforindividuals, businessesandthepublicsectortocurbC02emissionsbyimprovingenergy efficiency,andtheoptionsforGovernmentmeasurestosupportsuchactivity. COMBINED HEAT AND POWER 3.8 Inconventionalelectricitygenerationsome50-70%ofthefuelinputis rejectedasheattotheatmosphere.Byusingcombinedheatandpower(CHP)much ofthisheatcanberecoveredandhencetheenergycanbesuppliedabouttwiceas efficiently.Theheatcanbeusedforindustrialprocessesorforheatingbuildings. CHPhasasignificantpotentialtoreduceCO?emissions,perhapsbyasmuchas 10%.CHPcurrentlycomprises3%ofUKelectricitygeneration.TMheW Government’scurrentobjectiveistodoublethatcapacityto4000 bytheyear 2000.Theultimatepotentialcouldbeashighas20,000MW. ENERGY EFFICIENCY 3.9 Thereisconsiderablescopeforfurtherimprovementstobemadeinthe efficiencywithwhichenergyisused.Improvedenergyefficiencywouldallow energyconsumptiontobereducedwithoutaffectingtheoutputofgoodsand servicesorthelivingconditionsofhouseholds.Muchinvestmentinenergy efficiencyiscosteffective,thatisthevalueofthesavingsfromreducedenergy consumptionoutweighsthecostoftheinitialinvestmentinpresentvalueterms. Suchinvestmentscanthereforebringenvironmentalimprovementsthrough reducedemissionsatnoneteconomiccost. 3.10 Thepotentialforcost-effectiveenergyefficiencysavingsisestimatedat20% ofcurrentenergyconsumptionoutsidethetransportsector,equivalentto24MtC. Wemightrealisejustoveronethirdofthispotential(about9MtC)throughthe continuationofcurrentpoliciesandtrends.Thesewillincludeimprovements arisingashouseholdersinvesttomodernisetheirpropertiesandasindustry, commerceandthepublicsectorinvesttocutcostsandincreasetheefficiencyof theiroperations,andtheimpactoftheEnergyEfficiencyOffice’scontinuing programmesofinformation,adviceandgrants,whichencouragesuchinvestmentto takeplace.TheEP59C02projectionsincorporatethesesavings. 8 PrintedimagedigitisedbytheUniversityofSouthampton LibraryDigitisationUnit 3.11 Howeveritshouldbepossibletofindwaysofexploitingtheremainingpotential ofupto15MtCforcost-effectiveenergyefficiencyimprovements.Thiswouldenable ustofindasignificantpartofthesavingslikelytoberequiredbyourConvention commitmentsatnoneteconomiccost.Thisrequiresactionbyeverybody.Government actionalreadyunderwayissummarisedintheAnnex,buttheGovernment,acting alone,cannotensurethatthepotentialforsavingswhichexistsineverysectorofthe economyisrealised.Thisdocumentthereforelooksfirstatthescopeforindividuals, businessesandpublicsectorbodiestotakeactionthemselvestocuttheirenergybillsby investinginmoreefficientproductsandinenergysavingmeasures,ortoswitchtoless carbonintensivefuels(chapter4-7).Chapter8thenlooksatfartherpossible Governmentmeasureswhichmightbetakentosupplementorsupportsuchvoluntary action.Chapter9looksathowtheseoptionsmightbeputtogethertocontributetoa nationalprogrammethatwillmeetourConventioncommitment.Chapter10then looksattheprospectsbeyond2000. PrintedimagedigitisedbytheUniversityofSouthampton LibraryDigitisationUnit a VOLUNT \ IY ACTION ~ THE INDIVIDUAL CITIZEN UNDERLYING TRENDS 4.1 Energyusebyindividualsaccountedfornearly40%oftotalUKC02emissions in1990.Over25%ofallUKC02emissionsaredirecdyorindirecdyattributableto energyuseinthehome(chieflyelectricalappliances,heatingandhotwater).Privatecar travel(excludinguseforbusinessmileage)contributesafurther13%oftotalUKC02 emissions. 4.2 TheillustrationbelowshowstrendsinC02emissionsduetoindividuals’energy use.7Althoughenergyconsumptioninthehomerosebyabout10%between1970and 1990,CO?emissionsfellbyalmostone-fifth,duetoincreaseduseofnaturalgasasa domesticfuel,andfuelswitchingandimprovedefficiencywithintheelectricitysupply industry. 4.3 OnunchangedpoliciesC02emissionsattributabletoenergyuseinthehome areexpectedtoremainbroadlyconstantbetween1990and2000,asincreasedenergy consumptionisoffsetbyfuelswitchingfromcoaltogasintheelectricitysupply industry.(ThisassumptionwillcomeunderscrutinyintheCoalReview.)Bycontrast, C02emissionsfromprivatecartravelareexpectedtorisebysome19%between1990 and2000onacentralprojection. Analysis8ofhouseholdC02emissions(MtC) 1970-2000 1SpaceHeating 1HotWater 1Cooking ILights&Applications iCarTravel9 Safi 33CQKt'ime ths trCiPSi 3-? OPTIONS FOR ACTION falTsg amLsfi©*;;$ frp'ti SDlfigy s 4.4 TheEP59projectionsincludetheeffectofcontinuingimprovementsinthe m the lisitfsal insulationstandardsofhousingandintheenergyefficiencyofdomesticappliances.But Iffiat cuffSts gfsii© tefhfeercetiivsepoitmepnrtoiavlemteonatcshiienveenaefrugrytheefrfi4c-ie5ncMyt.CIndsiavviidnugalisncCo0ul2debmeisesnicoonsurtahgreodugtohdcoost t©limit emissions more,andtothinkmorecarefullyabouttheirtransportchoices.Thereisgrowing fromcars? awarenessandconcernfortheenvironment.Manypeoplewanttohelptotacklethe Wfcat threatofglobalwarmingbutdonotknowhow. contributioncast 4.5 TheEnergyEfficiencyOffice’s“HelpingtheEarthBeginsAtHome”campaign individuals make isexplainingtohouseholdershowtheycanimprovetheenergyefficiencyoftheir t©iitenational homes.Literatureisavailabletoexplainthevariousenergyefficiencymeasuresthatcan _ programme! betakenandtheextenttowhichthesereducefuelbillsandCO?emissions. 10 PrintedimagedigitisedbytheUniversityIfSouthampton LibraryDigitisationUnit