Environmental Physiology of Fishes NATO ADVANCED STUDY INSTITUTES SERIES A series of edited volumes comprising multifaceted studies of contem- porary scientific issues by some of the best scientific minds in the world, assembled in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division. Series A: Life Sciences Recent Volumes in this Series Volume 25 - Synchrotron Radiation Applied to Biophysical and Biochemical Research edited by A. Castellani and I. F. Quercia Volume 26 - Nucleoside Analogues: Chemistry, Biology, and Medical Applications edited by RichardT. Walker, Erik DeClercq, and Fritz Eckstein Volume 2 7- Developmental Neurobiology of Vision edited by Ralph D. Freeman Volume 28 - Animal Sonar Systems edited by Rene-Guy Busnel and James F. Fish Volume 29 -Genome Organization and Expression in Plants edited by C. J. Leaver Volume 30 - Human Physical Growth and Maturation edited by Francis E. Johnston, Alex 1'. Roche, and Charles Susanne Volume 31 - Transfer of Cell Constituents into Eukaryotic Cells edited by J. E. Celis, A. Graessmann, and A. Loyter Volume 32- The Blood-Retinal Barriers edited by Jose G. Cunha-Vaz Volume 33 - Photoreception and Sensory Transduction in Aneural Organisms edited by Francesco Lenci and Giuliano Colombetti Volume 34 - Lasers in Biology and Medicine edited by F. Hillenkamp, R. Pratesi, and C. A. Sacchi Volume 35- Environmental Physiology of Fishes edited by M. A. Ali This series is published by an international board of publishers in con- junction with NATO Scientific Affairs Division A Life Sciences Plenum Publishing Corporation B Physics London and New York C Mathematical and D. Reidel Publishing Company Physical Sciences Dordrecht, Boston and London D Behavioral and Sijthoff & Noordhoff International Social Sciences Publishers E Applied Sciences Alphen aan den Rijn, The Netherlands, and Germantown U.S.A. Environmental Physiology of Fishes Edited by M.A. Ali Departement de Biologie Universite de Montreal Montreal, Quebec, Canada Springer Science+Business Media, LLC Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Nato Advanced Study Institute on Environmental Physiology of Fishes, Bishop's University, 1979. Environmental physiology of fishes. (N ATO advanced study in sti tu tes series: Series A, Life sciences; v. 35) "Lectures presented at the 1979 NATO Advanced Study Institute on Environmental Physiology of Fishes, held at Bishop's University, Lennoxville, Quebec, Canada, August 12- 25, 1979." "Co-sponsored by The Universite de Montreal" Includes indexes. 1. Fishes-Physiology -Congresses. 2. Adaptation (Physiology)-Congresses. l. Ali, Mohamed Ather, 1932- Il. Universitc de Montreal. III. Title. IV. Series. QL639.l.N35 1979 597'.01 80-22156 Lectures presented at the 1979 NATO Advanced Study Institute on Environmental Physiology of Fishes, hcld at Bishop's Univcrsity, Lennoxville, Quebec, Canada, August 12-25, 1979. Co-sponsored by the Universite de Montreal Director: M. A. Ali, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Advisory Committee: J.H.S. Blaxter, Oban, Scotland F.E.J. Fry, Toronto, Ontario, Canada K. F. Liem, Cambridge, Massachusetts © 1980 Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally pub1ished by P1enurn Press, New York in 1980. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1980 ISBN 978-1-4899-3661-5 ISBN 978-1-4899-3659-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4899-3659-2 AI l righ ts reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher PREFACE A very good piece of work, I assure you, and a merry. -Now, good Peter Quince, call forth your actors by the scroll. -Masters, spread yourselves. A Midsummer Night's Dream. Act 1, Sc. 2 This volume is the outcome of a NATO Advanced Study Institute held in August 1979 at Bishop's University, Lennoxville, Quebec, Canada. About 130 participants from all the countries of the aJiiance as well as India and Japan attended this event which lasted two weeks. Seventeen of these participants had been invited to present reviews of chosen topics, usually in their specialty. This book is constituted mainly of these presentations, which were prepared as chapters. In addition, six of the participants, whose seminars were found to complement the main chapters, were coopted by the invited lectures/authors to provide additional chapters. Although a lecture was given on electric fields, a chapter on this matter is unfortunately absent due to the lack of preparation time. One may say that Environmental Physiology of Fishes as a discipline originated in Canada. Having been involved as a teacher and worker in this field since 19 54, it was but natural that I was tempted to organise an ASI and get a volume out on the matter. I was encouraged by discussions with colleagues and the acceptance on the part of a large number of eminent colleagues to attend the ASI, deliver lectures and write chapters. It was felt that participants made up of a heterogenous group varying from pre- doctorate students to workers nearing retirement, on the one hand and, workers interested in the entire animal, e.g. organs, tissues, even cells, chemicals factors, physical factors, behaviour, rhythms etc., on the other would have nothing but to gain much from the company of one another, were they to spend two weeks working, eating and playing together. I am glad to say that this proved to be correct judging by the constant discussions which took place at aU times, the friendships which were made and the post-ASI contacts which were established. I feel that more than the impact the volume may have on the field, the interaction between -younger and older workers and among workers from so many different fields wi11 prove to be v vi PREFACE more advantageous for the advancement of this field of endeavour in the next ten or even twenty years. Fishes form the largest class of vertebrates and occupy a very wide variety of habitats, some even non-aquatic. In every aspect of their physiology they demonstrate a larger repertoire of adaptive features, more than any other class of animal with the possible exception of the crustaceans. My hope is to have this volume reflect these numerous physiological adaptations in them, with the different environmental factors and variations. I asked the authors to prepare critical, or general reviews, and encouraged them to be as provocative and speculative as they wanted. This book was planned to be reasonable in length and yet cover as much of the field as possible. Obviously not all fields could be covered due to the paucity of space, time or lecturers/authors. In a volume of this sort a certain amount of overlap or repetition is unavoidable. I have tried to keep it to a minimum but may not have entirely succeeded since I am certainly not expert in all aspects of the physiology of fishes. As the director of the ASI, I attended every lecture and seminar and, as the editor I have read every chapter in this volume carefully. This has considerably broadened my knowledge and I am grateful for having had this opportunity and hope that the reader will find the effort worthwhile. It appears also desirable to explain briefly the process by which the lecturers/authors are selected for the ASI and the ensuing volume. Being a NA TO-ASI, lecturers have to be drawn from as many member countries of the alliance as possible. In most cases, travel costs have also to be taken into consideration. Other factors which are not insignificant are lecturing and writing ability of the person, his (or her) ability to deal with a heterogenous group scientifically and socially over a two-week period. Taking all these points into consideration a list is drawn up with the help of the advisory committee and correspondence begins - often as early as two years before the ASI is to take place and chapters are to be submitted. In spite of such early arrangements some persons found it unavoidable to withdraw their presence a few months before the event. In this case they have usually been replaced but if the withdrawel was just a few weeks before the ASI it was virtually impossible to ask someone else to take their place. The presentations at the ASI are followed by discussions and towards the end a meeting of the authors and the editor takes place. At this meeting matters are discussed openly and suggestions are made to fill the lacunes in the volume by inviting one or two or more of the other participants, generally those whose seminars were found to fill such a need, to contribute chapters on subjects and lines established by the consensus. After this, of course, matters are between the editor and the individual author. I am grateful to Dr. Mario di Lullo of the NATO-Scientific Affairs Division and his predecessor Dr. Tilo Kester for the advice and encourage- ment they gave during the planning and organising of this ASI. I thank Dr. Rene J.A. Levesque, vice-rector for research of my University and Prof. Jean-Guy Pilon, chairman of my department, for the material and moral PREFACE vii support they provided, in the organisation of the ASI and the preparation of this volume. It would have been impossible to conduct the ASI without the kind support and cooperation of Monsieur J.L. Gregoire, vice-principal and his assistant Mrs. LiJJian Garrard and Mr. Ivan Saunders, directors of buildings and grounds of Bishop's University. I am grateful to them for everything they did to make my task Jess arduous and our stay enjoyable. I thank also the members of my advisory committee for their help in the choice of lecturers and participants. I am grateful .to my coJJeague Dr. Mary Ann KJyne for aU the assistance she so wiJJingJy gave in the organising and running of the ASI as weJJ as the editing of the volume. My librarian, Miss Margaret Pertwee returned from her second retirement to help in the preparation of the volume, particularly the bibliographies and indices and I wish to record my thanks to her for that. I thank MesdemoiseJJes MarieJJe ChevrefiJs and Jocelyne Trudeau for preparing the camera ready manuscript with a Xerox word processing system. Montreal March 1980 Contents General Introduction . . . . . . . . 3 M.A. Ali Oxygen as an Environmental Factor of Fishes 7 G. F .. Holeton Morphometry of Gas Exchange Organs in Relation to their Respiratory Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 George M. Hughes Air Ventilation in Teleosts: Biochemical and Evolutionary Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . · 57 Karel F. Liem Osmotic and Ionic Regulation by Freshwater and Marine Fishes: A Status Report · · · · · · · · · · · · 93 D. H. Evans 123 Regulation of the Acid-Base Status in Fishes · · · · · · · · Norbert Heisler Effects of High Pressure on Ion Transport and Osmoregulation 163 A. Pequeux Les Hormones dans !'Osmoregulation des Poissons (Hormones in Osmoregulation of Fishes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 01 Brahim Lahlou Components of the Hematological Response of Fishes to Environmental Temperature Change: A Review . . . . . 241 Arthur H. Houston Aquisition of Energy by Teleosts: Adaptive Mechanisms and Evolutionary Patterns . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . 2 99 Karel F. Liem A Model of Suction Feeding in Teleostean Fishes with some Implications for Ventilation . . . . . . . . . . . . 335 J. W. M. Osse and Mees MUller ix X CONTENTS Chem.ical Stimuli: Role in the Behavior of Fishes · · . . . . . 353 Logi J6nsson The Effect of Hydrostatic Pressure on Fishes · · · · · · · · · 369 J. H. S. Blaxter Surface Morphology of the Acoustico-Lateralis Sensory Organs 387 in Teleosts: Functional and Evolutionary Aspects · · · · · · Tor Dale Acoustic Detection by Fishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 03 A. N. Popper and S. Coombs Vision in Fishes: Ecological Adaptations . . . . . . . . . . . . 431 J. N. Lythgoe Visual Communication in Fishes . . . . . . . . . . . . 447 Joseph S. Levine, Phillip S. Lobel and E. F. MacNichol Pineal Photosensitivity in Fishes 477 T. Tamura and I. Hanyu Role of Temperature in the Environmental Physiology of Fishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 97 William W. Reynolds and M. E. Casterlin Effects of Temperature on the Maximum Swimming Speed of Fishes · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · . · · · · · · · · 519 C. S. Wardle Photoperiodic and Endogenous Control of the Annual Repro- ductive Cycle in Teleost Fishes . . . . . . . . . . . 533 Bertha Baggerman 569 Fish Reproduction and Stress Shelby D. Gerking Migratory Performance and Environmental Evidence of Orien- tation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589 F.-W. Tesch Biological Rhythms: Their Adaptive Significance . . . . . . . . 613 Horst 0. Schwassmann The Pineal Organ and Circadian Rhythms of Fishes . . . . . . . 631 Martin Kavaliers On Pitfa11s in Quantitative Measurements in Physiology . . . . . 64 7 Sigfus Bjornsson