Environmental Philosophy in Asian Traditions of Thought FM.indd 1 2/14/14 4:17 PM FM.indd 2 2/14/14 4:17 PM Environmental Philosophy in Asian Traditions of Thought Edited by J. Baird Callicott and James McRae FM.indd 3 2/14/14 4:17 PM The image on the cover is adapted from a painting by Burton Callicott (1907–2003) titled “Tenacious Brown.” Published by State University of New York Press, Albany © 2014 State University of New York All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission. No part of this book may be stored in a retrieval system or trans- mitted in any form or by any means including electronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission in writing of the publisher. For information, contact State University of New York Press, Albany, NY www.sunypress.edu Production by Diane Ganeles Marketing by Fran Keneston Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Environmental philosophy in Asian traditions of thought/edited by J. Baird Callicott and James McRae. pages cm “Conceived as a sequel to Nature in Asian traditions of thought”—Preface. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4384-5201-2 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Environmental sciences—Asia— Philosophy. 2. Environmentalism—Asia—Philosophy. 3. Environmental ethics—Asia. 4. Philosophy, Asian. I. Callicott, J. Baird, editor of collaboration. II. McRae, James, editor of collaboration. III. James, George Alfred. Environment and environ- mental philosophy in India. IV. Nature in Asian traditions of thought. Sequel to: GE40.E57 2014 179’.1095—dc23 20 1 3 0 2 8 3 7 8 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 FM.indd 4 2/14/14 4:17 PM We dedicate this book to Roger T. Ames: A gifted scholar, a trusted friend, and an exemplar of Confucian virtue. Mahalo nui loa. FM.indd 5 2/14/14 4:17 PM FM.indd 6 2/14/14 4:17 PM Contents Preface ix Acknowledgments xiii Introduction xv Section I: Environmental Philosophy in Indian Traditions of Thought 1 1. George Alfred James, “Environment and Environmental Philosophy in India” 3 2. Christopher Framarin, “Ātman, Identity, and Emanation: Arguments for a Hindu Environmental Ethic” 25 3. Bart Gruzalski, “Gandhi’s Contributions to Environmental Thought and Action” 53 4. Stephanie Kaza, “Acting with Compassion: Buddhism, Feminism, and the Environmental Crisis” 71 5. Simon P. James, “Against Holism: Rethinking Buddhist Environmental Ethics” 99 6. Ian Harris, “Causation and ‘Telos’: The Problem of Buddhist Environmental Ethics” 117 Section II: Environmental Philosophy in Chinese Traditions of Thought 131 7. Mary Evelyn Tucker, “The Relevance of Chinese Neo-Confucianism for the Reverence of Nature” 133 8. R. P. Peerenboom, “Beyond Naturalism: A Reconstruction of Daoist Environmental Ethics” 149 9. Karyn L. Lai, “Conceptual Foundations for Environmental Ethics: A Daoist Perspective” 173 10. Alan Fox, “Process Ecology and the ‘Ideal’ Dao” 197 11. Sandra A. Wawrytko, “The Viability (Dao) and Virtuosity (De) of Daoist Ecology: Reversion (Fu) as Renewal” 209 12. James Miller, “Ecology, Aesthetics and Daoist Body Cultivation” 225 FM.indd 7 2/14/14 4:17 PM viii Contents Section III: Environmental Philosophy in Japanese Traditions of Thought 245 13. Steve Odin, “The Japanese Concept of Nature in Relation to the Environmental Ethics and Conservation Aesthetics of Aldo Leopold” 247 14. Deane Curtin, “Dōgen, Deep Ecology, and the Ecological Self” 267 15. David Edward Shaner and R. Shannon Duval, “Conservation Ethics and the Japanese Intellectual Tradition” 291 16. Hiroshi Abe, “From Symbiosis (Kyōsei) to the Ontology of ‘Arising Both from Oneself and from Another’(Gūshō)” 315 17. Tomosaburō Yamauchi, “The Confucian Environmental Ethics of Ogyū Sorai: A Three-Level, Eco-humanistic Interpretation” 337 18. James McRae, “Triple-Negation: Watsuji Tetsurō on the Sustainability of Ecosystems, Economies, and International Peace” 359 Afterword: J. Baird Callicott, “Recontextualizing the Self in Comparative Environmental Philosophy” 377 Contributors 391 Index 397 FM.indd 8 2/14/14 4:17 PM Preface Nature in Asian Traditions of Thought, edited by J. Baird Callicott and Roger T. Ames, was published by SUNY Press in 1989. It remains in print more than twenty years later. In the two decades that have since elapsed, the field of “comparative environmental philosophy,” which Nature in Asian Traditions of Thought inaugurated, has expanded and matured. Environmental Philosophy in Asian Traditions of Thought is conceived as a sequel to Nature in Asian Traditions of Thought. All eighteen papers included in this volume were written after 1989. All but four were originally published in widely scattered venues; those four exceptions appear here for the first time. The idea for this book was conceived during September, 2007 in Fulton, Missouri at Westminster College’s second Annual Symposium on Democracy—which was focused, that year, on the theme of “The Environment: Prospects for Sustainability.” J. Baird Callicott was a speaker at the symposium. James McRae, a member of Westminster College’s Department of Classics, Philosophy, and Religious Studies, introduced Callicott and his talk for the symposium. After Callicott’s talk, McRae mentioned that he used Nature in Asian Traditions of Thought as a textbook in his environmental ethics course. He also mentioned that he had written his doctoral dissertation under the direction of its co-editor, Roger Ames. Callicott was pleased to hear that. It’s always good to know that one’s books are taught in the class- room. And McRae’s personal connection with Callicott’s good friend and colleague was a pleasant surprise. Personal pleasantries aside, Callicott thought that a companion volume to Nature in Asian Traditions of Thought, representing newer work in the field, would also be useful to students and their instruc- tors. Just as important, it could synergistically juxtapose the best new work in comparative environmental philosophy and thus stimulate further development of the field. McRae’s doctorate is from the world’s premier program in comparative philosophy at the University of Hawaiʻi, where students receive rigorous training, including language training, in various traditions of Asian thought. Callicott believed that he had found in McRae the perfect co-editor for this volume. Callicott could bring his up-to-date expertise in environmental philosophy FM.indd 9 2/14/14 4:17 PM