Environmental Life Cycle Analysis Environmental Life Cycle Analysis David F. Ciambrone Hughes Aircraft Company Newport Beach, California CRC Press Taylor & Francis Croup Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Acquiring Editor: Joel Stein Project Editor: Andrea Demby Marketing Manager: Arline Massey Typesetter: Pamela Morrell Cover design: Denise Craig Pre Press: Carlos Esser Manufacturing: Carol Royal Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Ciambrone, David F. Environmental life cycle analysis / David F. Ciambrone. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-56670-214-3 1. Industrial ecology. 2. Product life cycle—Environmental aspects. 1. Title. TS161.C497 1997 658.5'752—dc21 97-8058 CIP This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. 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Direct all inquiries to CRC Press LLC, 2000 Coiporate Blvd., N.W., Boca Raton, Florida 33431. © 1997 by CRC Press LLC Lewis Publishers is an imprint of CRC Press LLC No claim to original U.S. Government works International Standard Book Number 1-56670-214-3 Library of Congress Card Number 97-8058 Printed in the United States of America 1 2 34 5 6 7 8 90 Printed on acid-free paper PREFACE This book is designed to assist design/systems engineers and managers in determining how to best design or change a product or set of processes to minimize the impact on the environment over the life cycle of the product or process. The first two chapters provide an introduction and overview of the environmental life cycle analysis process. Chapter 3 describes the basic framework, definition of boundaries, the use of checklists, data gathering issues, construction of models, and interpre­ tation of results. This chapter establishes the basis and methodologies required. Chapter 4 defines templates and special cases that may be encountered and concepts for handling them. Chapters 5 through 9 go into detail about the modeling, issues, and data collection for each stage of the product life cycle. Chapter 10 provides a summary of the various steps and ideas on how to present data and reports. The organization of the book follows a logical path for the user to under­ stand the overall concept of environmental life cycle analysis and to walk through each of the stages. The stages are broken down into individual topics to provide a clearer picture of what is included in each stage and the issues involved. The book tries to provide alternatives to the analysis process, thereby allowing the user greater flexibility while still gaining constructive information. ABOUT THE AUTHOR Dr. David Ciambrone is an energetic manager, management and environmental consultant, pro­ fessor, lecturer, writer, and inventor, with more than 30 years experience in the manufacturing, business, and environmental fields. His main fields of interest include environmental management, manufacturing, waste minimization, and wastewa­ ter treatment. Dr. Ciambrone has been Corporate Director of Environmental Affairs for a Fortune 100 company, Director of Manufacturing Engineering and Acting Vice President of Manufacturing for Fortune 500 companies, as well as Manager of Engineering and Business Development for a major environmental company. He has designed numerous manufacturing processes used in the electron­ ics and metal finishing fields. Dr. Ciambrone has established and managed surface mount assembly operations, hybrid microelectronics facilities, circuit board fabrication plants, and industrial plating operations. He has extensive experience as a turnaround manager for major companies and has experience in the implementation of ISO 9001. Dr. Ciambrone has also managed facilities engineering organizations for a Fortune 100 company. He has designed water and wastewater systems for use on land and by the marine industry for com­ panies in the U.S. and abroad. Some of the systems used novel approaches to waste treatment. He has been a principal consultant in environmental compa­ nies conducting engineering projects and business development in the U.S. and internationally. Dr. Ciambrone served on the Board of Directors of an international envi­ ronmental company and served on the Management Oversight Board of the Resolution Trust Corporation (U.S. Treasury). He was also President of the southern California chapter of the National Association of Environmental Managers and is a Fellow of the International Oceanographic Foundation. He is a long-standing member of the American Electroplaters and Surface Fin­ ishers Society (past President) and is a past President of a chapter of the National Management Association. He is a Registered Environmental Assessor in California. Dr. Ciambrone has numerous publications in the fields of metal finishing, waste treatment, and waste minimization and has published books on waste minimization and life cycle analysis. He has patents in the fields of wastewater treatment, chemical and biological weapon destruction, and industrial processes. Dr. Ciambrone has taught courses in industrial and manufacturing engi­ neering, materials science, business and operation management, TQM, and Just-in-Time methods at major universities. He has lectured at many technical and business conferences and universities on manufacturing. In addition, he has lectured on environmental subjects nationally and internationally. Dr. Ciambrone received his Bachelors Degree from San Diego State University and his Doctor of Science from Brantridge College, University of Sussex in England. Sir David is also the Laird of Parton in Scotland. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their contri­ butions in the preparation of materials for this book: Ms. Joan Moscrop, without her kind help, this book would not have happened Mr. James Waylonis for preparation of figures Mr. Norm Sealander, Northrop Grumman Corporation, for his support and encouragement Dr. D. Mehta, Hughes Aircraft, for his support and encouragement Kathy Ciambrone for her support and encouragement Ms. Andrea Demby, for her assistance and editorial support