ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF AMINE EMISSIONS DURING POST COMBUSTION CAPTURE Report: 2010/ 11 June 2010 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY The International Energy Agency (IEA) was established in 1974 within the framework of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) to implement an international energy programme. The IEA fosters co-operation amongst its 28 member countries and the European Commission, and with the other countries, in order to increase energy security by improved efficiency of energy use, development of alternative energy sources and research, development and demonstration on matters of energy supply and use. This is achieved through a series of collaborative activities, organised under more than 40 Implementing Agreements. These agreements cover more than 200 individual items of research, development and demonstration. IEAGHG is one of these Implementing Agreements. DISCLAIMER AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IEAGHG supports and operates a number of international research networks. This report presents the results of a workshop held by one of these international research networks. The report was prepared by IEAGHG as a record of the events of that workshop. This workshop on the Environmental Impacts of Amine Emissions During Post Combustion Capture was organised by IEAGHG in co-operation with Gassnova. The organisers acknowledge the financial support provided by Gassnova and Statoil. The IEAGHG staff member responsible for this workshop is Mohammad Abu Zahra. COPYRIGHT AND CITATIONS Copyright © IEA Environmental Projects Ltd. (IEAGHG) 2010. All rights reserved. The report should be cited in literature as follows: ‘IEAGHG, “Environmental Impacts of Amine Emissions During Post Combustion Capture Workshop, 2010/11, June, 2010.’ Further information or copies of the report can be obtained by contacting IEAGHG at: IEAGHG, Orchard Business Centre, Stoke Orchard, Cheltenham, GLOS., GL52 7RZ, UK Tel: +44(0) 1242 680753 Fax: +44 (0)1242 680758 E-mail: [email protected] Internet: www.ieaghg.org Workshop on Environmental Impact of Amine Emission during Post- Combustion Capture: Report on Meeting 16th February 2010, Hotel Folketeateret, Oslo, Norway Executive Summary The amine post combustion capture technology is based on washing the flue gas with a solvent that captures CO . Thus, a small fraction of this solvent will be released through the stack together with 2 the cleaned flue gas. This release may cause environmental concerns both directly and indirectly through subsequent solvent degradation into other substances in the atmosphere. There is a clear lack of understanding of the characteristics of the used solvent and their degradation products, which are an additional concern. From the global prospective, it is clear that the activities in relation to this topic are limited and there is a clear need for cooperation and knowledge exchange between the different institutes. Therefore, the “Environmental Impact of Post Combustion Capture” workshop was held, primarily to share information on the environmental effect of using chemical solvents for capturing CO , associated with conventional combustion based fossil fuel fired power 2 stations. Considering the above mentioned motivation, a workshop with the following objectives was organised: • To give an overview of the current ongoing environmental impact activities, • A starting point to define gaps of knowledge and R&D areas of interest, • An opportunity for the different active groups to meet and to discuss the related environmental issues, • To build the basis for a future detailed IEAGHG study on the environmental impact of post combustion capture, the first activity for follow up workshops or symposiums The workshop was organised by the IEAGHG in partnership with Gassnova SF, Norway. The objective was to bring together researchers and industry involved in post combustion capture of carbon dioxide to discuss the expected environmental impact of large scale deployment of this technology, the current ongoing activities in relation to this topic and to share knowledge, experience and future plans. The programme of the meeting consisted of four oral presentation sessions, which covered the following topics: • Post combustion capture plant: chemistry inside the plant, amine emission control, main sources of amine emissions and by products. • Post combustion capture life cycle analysis and general environmental impacts. • Experimental results of capture pilot plants with real flue gas. • The expected emissions of the currents technologies and the progress on the technologies development. • Atmospheric chemistry and dispersion. • Effects and impact on the environment. 2 There was clear interest in joining the workshop and the number of participants (68 delegates) was limited to the capacity of the venue. This increasing interest in the environmental impact of post combustion capture makes it one of the important topics to focus on in the future activities for IEAGHG. There was a general consensus at the workshop to continue working on this topic and to monitor the regulations and technologies development lines. However, it was agreed to include the environmental impact workshop activities within the international capture network, which will be extended to a full post combustion capture conference and will be held in the spring of 2011. 3 Contents 1 Background ..................................................................................................................................... 5 2 Programme ..................................................................................................................................... 6 3 Presentations Summaries and Discussion ...................................................................................... 6 3.1 Welcome and introduction, Klaus Schöffel, Gassnova SF, Mohammad Abu Zahra, IEAGHG . 6 3.2 Amine to air-problem description, Svein Knudsen, NILU ....................................................... 7 3.3 Flue gas degradation of amines, Steinar Pedersen, Statoil .................................................... 7 3.4 Environmental impacts of emissions from post combustion CO capture, Moetaz Attalla 2 and Merched Azzi, CSIRO .................................................................................................................... 8 3.5 Atmospheric chemistry of amines: a critical element of EPRI’s research on the environmental impacts of future electric sector emissions, Eladio Knipping, EPRI ........................... 9 3.6 Atmospheric Degradation of Amines (ADA): Gas phase photo-oxidation of 2-aminoethanol (MEA), Claus Nielsen, University of Oslo ............................................................................................ 9 3.7 Emission measurements at Dong’s pilot plant for CO capture in Esbjerg-EU project CESAR, 2 Eirik da Silva, SINTEF-CESAR .............................................................................................................. 10 3.8 Information requirements for the environmental impact assessment (EIA) process, Fredrik Weidemann, Norwegian Pollution Control Authority (Klif) .............................................................. 11 3.9 Environmental impacts of post combustion capture: Case study of SaskPower’s Boundary Dam Power Station, Jitsopa Suebsiri, University of Regina .............................................................. 11 3.10 Comparison of emission profile between conventional amine and amino acid based systems, Henk Trap, TNO .................................................................................................................. 12 3.11 MHI amine emission control technology, Takashi Kamijo, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries ..... 12 3.12 Econamine FG+ process: recent advances in emissions control, Satish Reddy, Fluor .......... 13 3.13 Emission measurement and analysis from mobile CO capture test facility, Oscar Graff, 2 Aker Clean Carbon ............................................................................................................................ 14 4 What have we learned from the environmental impacts of amine emissions during post combustion capture workshop? ........................................................................................................... 15 5 Workshop evaluation .................................................................................................................... 15 5.1 Participants ........................................................................................................................... 15 5.2 Workshop programme .......................................................................................................... 16 6 Next Meeting(s) ............................................................................................................................ 16 7 Thanks and Acknowledgements ................................................................................................... 16 8 Contacting the Co-ordinator ......................................................................................................... 17 4 WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF AMINE EMISSION DURING POST COMBUSTION CAPTURE: REPORT ON 1st Meeting (16th February 2010, Hotel Folketeateret, Oslo, Norway) 1 Background Amine based post combustion CO capture is considered to be the most mature of the capture 2 technologies available today. The technology is based on washing the flue gas with a solvent that captures CO . Thus, a small fraction of this solvent will be released through the stack together with 2 the cleaned flue gas. This release may cause environmental concerns both directly and indirectly through subsequent solvent degradation into other substances in the atmosphere. The expected emissions of amines, additives and their degradation products with flue gas stream and waste product streams are continued concerns for the deployment of full scale CO post combustion 2 capture using amines. There is a clear lack of understanding in the characteristics of the used solvent and their degradation products, which are an additional concern. From the global prospective, it is clear that the activities in relation to this topic are limited and there is a clear need for cooperation and knowledge exchange between the different institutes. The “Environmental Impact of Post Combustion Capture” workshop was held, primarily to share information on the environmental effects of using chemical solvents for the capture of CO 2 associated with conventional combustion based fossil fuel fired power stations. Considering the above mentioned motivation, a workshop with the following objectives was organised: • To give an overview of the current ongoing environmental impact activities, • A starting point to define gasps of knowledge and R&D areas of interest, • An opportunity for the different active groups to meet and to discuss the related environmental issue, • To build the basis for a future detailed IEAGHG study on environmental impact of the post combustion capture and be the first activity for follow up workshops or symposiums. The workshop was organised by the IEAGHG in partnership with Gassnova SF, Norway. The objective was to bring together researchers and industry involved in post combustion capture of carbon dioxide to discuss the expected environmental impact of large scale deployment of this technology, the current ongoing activities in relation to this topic and to share knowledge, experience and future plans. 5 This report contains summaries of the presentations on a variety of developments including updates on amines, use of ammonia as a solvent, ionic liquids, solid sorbents, pilot plant and demonstration projects, modelling activities and environmental impacts of post combustion capture. In addition, the overall meeting evaluation and the major learning points from the meeting are summarised at the end of the report. 2 Programme The programme of the meeting consisted of four oral presentation sessions, which covered the following topics: • Post combustion capture plant: chemistry inside the plant, amine emission control, main sources of amine emissions and by products. • Post combustion capture life cycle analysis and general environmental impact. • Experimental results of capture pilot plants with real flue gas. • The expected emissions of the currents technologies and the progress on the technologies development. • Atmospheric chemistry and dispersion. • Effects and impact on the environment. 3 Presentations Summaries and Discussion 3.1 Welcome and introduction, Klaus Schöffel, Gassnova SF, Mohammad Abu Zahra, IEAGHG The meeting was opened by Klaus Schöffel, who welcomed the delegates on behalf of Gassnova the host, extended thanks to the delegates, sponsors and speakers of the workshop for sharing their knowledge of the work currently undertaken around the world on the environmental impact of amine emissions during CO post combustion capture and hoped that the workshop would be 2 beneficial, and include meaningful discussions. Mohammad Abu Zahra welcomed the delegates on behalf of IEAGHG and hoped for a fruitful and interesting workshop. Following this Mohammad gave a short introduction to the IEAGHG, explaining the background of the programme and its members and sponsors. The background and origination of the workshop was explained, touching briefly on the main aims of the workshop and the reasons for international activity in the environmental impact of amine emissions during CO 2 post combustion area. The interest of the workshop was high. Some 70 delegates from 15 countries joined the programme with more than 40% of the delegates coming from Norway. Mohammad thanked the sponsors for the financial support of the workshop and the organising team from Gassnova and IEAGHG for their efforts. 6 3.2 Amine to air-problem description, Svein Knudsen, NILU Svein discussed a worst case study for a possible amine plant in Norway and identified challenges due to possible reactions between the amine, flue gas and air. The importance of a holistic understanding of the whole reaction chain/emission system was emphasised. That starts from the amine being specified and supplied until the reaction products are seen in the emissions to air and/or water with the possible biological consequences and waste production/disposal. Detailed knowledge about the different elements in the reaction is currently missing. For instance the chemical processes in the air, water, soil and transport between these compartments as well as effects on nature are uncertain. Also, the level of emissions needs to be quantified. Moreover, there is a need to distinguish between accumulating and non-accumulating toxic substances and the more long term acute toxic substances. The critical environmental loads relating to toxicity need to be found to ensure an acceptable risk level. Further, the global consequences of these releases need to be evaluated to be able to put CCS in context. Possible consequences of accidental releases also have to be looked into. The knowledge concerning environmental loads caused by the different substances needs to be understood to find environmentally friendly amines. For this, necessary critical loads, methodologies and tools to test the amines and evaluate their environmental impacts need to be in place. It is probably not the mother amine that causes the problem and one single CCS plant is not expected to have a major influence. 3.3 Flue gas degradation of amines, Steinar Pedersen, Statoil Steinar presented work on the flue gas degradation of amines, which is part of a current research program managed by Statoil. Considering the current status of the degradation products; CO and O 2 2 degradation are well described, but on NO degradation there is hardly any related work being x reported. Therefore, the scope of this program was defined to identify the degradation products generated in the absorber and decide on the emissions to air and water. To be able to perform the research Statoil needed to develop methods for sampling and analyses. A simple test rig without a stripper was used for the testing. The test protocol was briefly presented in the seminar, which depends on varying the flue gas and solvent composition, gas/liquid ratio, absorber reaction conditions, water wash conditions and stripper conditions. All these parameters were varied to be able to get a better understanding of the influence caused by, among others; the amount of O , CO , NO and the degree of water wash. 2 2 x The results showed that ammonia is the primary degradation product of MEA and its’ production is strongly correlated with NO concentration in the flue gas. Moreover, the tests concluded that there x was a correlation between the amount of NO and nitrosamine formation. Nitrosamines were found x with NO levels between 25 - 50 ppm, but without NO, no nitrosamines were detected. x x Temperature dependence was tested in a separate autoclave experiment and showed that 7