Environmental Impact Assessment Environmental Impact Assessment Theory and Practice Anji Reddy Mareddy Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad, India Butterworth-HeinemannisanimprintofElsevier TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,OxfordOX51GB,UnitedKingdom 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates Copyright©2017BSPBooksPvtLtd.PublishedbyElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. DistributedinIndia,Pakistan,Banglades,andSriLankabyBSPBooksPvt.Ltd. Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans, electronicormechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,oranyinformationstorage andretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.Detailsonhowto seekpermission,furtherinformationaboutthePublisher’spermissionspoliciesandour arrangementswithorganizationssuchastheCopyrightClearanceCenterandtheCopyright LicensingAgency,canbefoundatourwebsite:www.elsevier.com/permissions. Thisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontainedinitareprotectedundercopyrightby thePublisher(otherthanasmaybenotedherein). Notices Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging.Asnewresearchand experiencebroadenourunderstanding,changesinresearchmethods,professionalpractices, ormedicaltreatmentmaybecomenecessary. Practitionersandresearchersmustalwaysrelyontheirownexperienceandknowledgein evaluatingandusinganyinformation,methods,compounds,orexperimentsdescribedherein. Inusingsuchinformationormethodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirownsafetyandthesafety ofothers,includingpartiesforwhomtheyhaveaprofessionalresponsibility. Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors,oreditors, assumeanyliabilityforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterofproducts liability,negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseoroperationofanymethods,products, instructions,orideascontainedinthematerialherein. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary ISBN:978-0-12-811139-0 ForinformationonallButterworth-Heinemannpublicationsvisit ourwebsiteathttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher:MatthewDeans AcquisitionEditor:KenMcCombs EditorialProjectManager:PeterJardim ProductionProjectManager:AnushaSambamoorthy CoverDesigner:MatthewLimbert TypesetbySPiGlobal,India Dedicated to my parents, Late Smt. Anasuyyamma Mareddy Late Smt. Rami Reddy Mareddy Preface Itiswithutmosthappinessandsatisfaction,thatIampresentingthebooktitledEnvi- ronmentalImpactAssessment:TheoryandPracticetothestudentsofundergraduate andpostgraduatecoursesinthecountry,whowouldliketobecomeEIAprofessionals. TheEnvironmentalProtection(EP)actinIndiaisconsideredtobethebestlegis- lationtoprotectandimprovethequalityofenvironmentandhencequalityofhuman life.Thisactrequiresenvironmentalimpactconsiderationstobeincludedinproject planning and decision making process in any developmental activities along with engineering and economic parameters. Consideration of environmental impacts due to developmental projects necessitates preparing the environmental impact assess- ment reports based on the actions, which significantly affect the quality of human environment.EIAisnowfirmlyontheagendaasaresultoftheintroductionofleg- islationatbothnationalandinternationallevels,andisverymuchintunewithwide- spread and growing concern about environmental issues and the impact of development on the environment. EIAisaninterdisciplinaryscientifictooltostudyenvironmentalimpacts,andtobe successfulinthisfield,aprofessionalrequiresagoodunderstandingofthemultitude ofcross-disciplinaryconcepts.AholisticviewonEIAisnecessarytoformanunder- standing of the challenges a professional would face, when solving environmental problems, be it at micro level or at macro level. This is of particular importance to environmental engineers, scientists, consultants, and stakeholders, who have to for- mulateandimplementpracticalsolutionstomitigatetheadverseimpactswiththeulti- mategoalofachievingsustainabledevelopment.Theauthorhasmadeanattemptto preparethisbookasacomprehensivetexttostudentsandasareferencebookforprac- titioners.Thisisanoutputof25yearsofauthor’steachingexperiencetopostgraduate students of environmental management, environment geomatics and his research in environmental related projects. Several examples are included in this book as the author is involved in appraising the developmental projects as Chairman of State ExpertAppraisalCommittee(SEAC),AndhraPradeshundertheumbrellaofMinistry of Environmental and Forests (MoEF), Government of India. His experience in the practical aspects, natural resource conservation, assessment and evaluation of EIA reports on various projects, plans and legislative actions, and pollution control as member of several expert committees related to environmental issues also helped inshaping thisbook. Thisbookcanbeusedasatextbookforgraduateandpostgraduatestudentsofcivil and environmental engineering, chemical engineering, environmental management, and environmental science. The book can also be used by individual environmental professionals trained in other related disciplines such as geology, geography, xii Preface planning, ecology, etc. Informationis included inthis book that isrelevantfor both classroom presentations andillustrations ofthe practice of EIA. Thisbookisorganizedinto14chapterscoveringmostaspectsofEIA.Thedesign ofallthesechaptersiscompatibleandinaccordancewiththegenericstructureofEIA. Chapter1highlightstheconceptsandsomeimportantdefinitionsofEIAwhereasthe planning and management of EIA study along with the composition of EIA team is giveninChapter2.Chapter3describestheaffectedenvironmentandvariousmethods ofextractionofbaselinedataproducts.Theimpactidentificationmethodologiesand theircomparativeanalysisarepresentedinChapter4.Theimpactsonvaluedenviron- mental components like air, water, soils, land, noise, biological environment, and socio economic environment are discussed in a systematic manner in Chapters 5–10.Moreemphasisisgivenontheconceptualapproachforidentificationofimpacts onallenvironmentalcomponents,impactprediction,impactassessment,andmitiga- tionmeasuresinthesechapters.Theenvironmentalmanagementplanandmitigation strategiesarehighlightedinChapter11withacasestudyforbetterunderstandingon how anEMP can beprepared for the proposed development projects. Chapter12isconsideredasveryimportantandisnamedasTechnologyinEIA,is presented with detailed methodologies for air pollution control, waste treatment schemes, phytoremediation, bioremediation, hazardous waste, green belt develop- ment, rain water harvesting, and remote sensing and GIS methods for preventing the pollution in the process of developing a particular site and to avoid anticipated adverseimpacts.TheEIAprocedureinIndiaasnotifiedbyMinistryofEnvironment andForest,GovernmentofIndia,isdiscussedinChapter13,whichcanbeverymuch usefulforanenvironmentalconsultantandatrueEIApractitioner.Animportantissue in EIA is public participation, the involvement of local people; various methods of involvingtheminthedecisionmakingprocessisfocusedinChapter14underthetitle PublicInvolvement inEIA. TheauthorwouldliketoexpresshisgratitudetotheMinistryofEnvironmentand Forest, Government of India and Andhra Pradesh Government for its support in appointing the author as the Chairman of Environment Committee through which the preparation of this book has become more easy with a number of case studies. Theauthorwishestoexpresshisgratitudetoanumberofindividualswhohavepar- ticipateddirectlyorindirectlyintheassemblageofinformationrelatedtothisbook. TheauthorhasbenefittedbyteachingcoursesonEIAthroughvariousuniversitiesin Indiaandabroadandacknowledgesfortheircollaboration.Theauthorisverymuch thankfultoDr.V.Bakthavatsalam,Chairman,SEIAA;SriKrishnaGopal,Member, SEIAA;andSriSanjayKumar,IAS,MemberSecretary,AndhraPradeshSEIAAand PCBfortheirpositivecooperationandtechnicalhelpinpreparationofthisbook.Iam thankful to the officers of APPCB who provided the relevant information for this book. I am grateful to the faculty and reviewers who have suggested changes for this book. I am also indebted to those authors whose books are source of information. IamverythankfultothemembersofSEACfortheirtechnicalhelp.Icannotforget thetechnicalhelpextendedbyMr.SastryandMiss.PreethiofAPPCB,timetotime, forthepreparationofthisbookforwhichIamverymuchthankful.Specialthanksto Preface xiii environmental consultants who have provided the necessary materialinwriting this book.Iamalsothankfultoallofmyresearchscholarsandstudentsfortheirhelpin preparing thisbook. Of major importance to the author is the positive attitude and helpfulness of Mr. NikhilShahandMr. Naresh ofBSPublicationsinpreparation ofthistextbook. Truly,special thanksformywifeJaya,childrenChanduandRajeevforthecooper- ation and encouragement inwriting this book. Anji Reddy Mareddy About the author AnjiReddyMareddyisaprofessorofEnvironmen- tal Science and Technology, at Centre for Environ- ment, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad (JNTUH) India. Dr. Reddy received his PhD in Remote Sensing (Civil Engineering) from JNTUHin1995;M.Tech.inCivilEngineeringfrom Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Kanpur in 1989; and MSc in Geology and BSc from Andhra University, in 1986 and 1984, respectively. He has morethan24yearsofteachingandresearchexperi- ence.Dr.Reddy’sresearchinterestsincludeenviron- mental impact assessment methods and strategies, executionofoperationalEIAprojects,environmen- talmanagement,pollutionsourceevaluationandenvironmentalprotectionmethods, remote sensing, GIS, and GPS. He has guided 28 PhD students, more than 160 M.Tech.studentsandexecutedmorethan25sponsoredresearchprojects.Dr.Reddy haspublishedandpresentedmorethan180researchpapers.Hehasalsodelivereda numberoflecturesintheseareasofresearchinnationalandinternationalinstitutions. He has authored several textbooks, including Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System, Geoinformatics for Environmental Management, and Digital Image Processing and Environmental Science and Technology. Dr. Reddy has also edited theseven proceedingvolumesofInternational Conference onEnvironmental Management. This book is his fifth textbook which is an outcome of 6 years of his experience as Chairman of Andhra Pradesh State Environmental Expert Appraisal Committee(SEAC)constitutedbyMinistryofEnvironmentandForests,Government of India with the recommendation of Government of Andhra Pradesh. He is also the author of a number of research reports, book chapters, course materials related to environmental studies. He has also written environmental statements and EIA reportsonprojectssuchasmineralextraction,powerplants,cementindustry,roads, wastewatertreatmentplants,industrialestates,parks,specialeconomiczones,flood control banks, etc. HeisatechnicalmemberandauditorofWorldBankfundedprojects,Coordinator of environmental geomatics, TIFAC-CORE (Centre of Relevance and Excellence), DepartmentofScienceandTechnology,NewDelhi.HeisaNationalexpertcommit- teememberforrevivalofvillagepondsproject,amemberofEarthandenvironmental scienceexpertcommitteefortheempowermentofwomen,expertmemberofthepro- jectKollerulakerestorationmanagementplanofDST,expertworkinggroupmember xvi Abouttheauthor ofhyperspectralsignaturedatabasecreationproject,andvillageknowledgemanage- mentsystem ofNRDMS,DST. Awards received by him include Rotary Vocational Excellence Award 2009, AP SCIENTIST AWARD 2010 in recognition of outstanding services rendered in theareasofenvironmentalsciencesandtechnology,EIA,andenvironmentalmanage- mentsystems.BestTeacherAward-2012fromGovt.ofAndhraPradeshandAPfellow of A.P.Academy ofSciences. Forhisoutstandingcontributioninenvironmentalproblemsolving,pollutioncon- trol,healthandsafety,GISandRemotesensingapplicationsforwaterquality,envi- ronmental planning and assessment, EIA, socio-economic development through scientific means, he stood not only as a distinguished professor in JNTU but also at the nationalandinternational level. 1 Conceptual facets of EIA Environmental impact assessment (EIA) is a study of the probable environmental impacts of a development project or any activity or any legislative action. Environ- ment (Protection) Act requires such studies prior to proceeding with any project locatedanywhereacrosstheglobeaspertheenvironmentallawsofrespectivecoun- try.ThepurposeofEIAistoidentifypotentialenvironmentalimpactsofprojects,pro- grams,andlegislativeactionsandtoproposemeanstoavoidorreducethesignificant impacts.EIAwasdevelopedformallyinthe1970sandhasbeenincorporatedinthe proceduresofgovernmentsworldwideintheprocessofdecision-making.Asaresult, itisimportantthatpeople,whohaveassociatedwiththedesignandplanningofpro- jects, should be aware of EIA and how it operates in their local area for decision- makingprocess. Environmental impact assessment is a systematic process used to help make the decisions that takes into account the environmental impact assessment of human activitiesontheenvironment.Theprocesshelpstoincludetheenvironmentalfactors intotheprojectproposal.TheEIAinvolvesanassessmentofthepotentialimpactsof theprojectontheecosystem.InEIA,existingdatarelatedtotheenvironmentarecol- lected based on which the predictions are made about the emissions and pollution levels,fromtheproposedprojectsandactivityofdevelopment.Thesepredictedvalues aresuperimposedontheexistingvaluesusingdifferentmodelstopredictthelevelof pollutionaftertheprojectcommences.Thus,thefuturevalueshelptomakethedeci- sionwhethertheproposedprojectwouldbeenvironmentallysustainableintheregion ornot.SinceothersustainablefactorsarealsoconsideredinEIA,itgivesacomplete pictureofaregionafter the implementation ofthe project. 1.1 Definition of EIA Environmentalimpactassessment(EIA)canbedefinedasthesystematicidentifica- tionandevaluationofthepotentialimpacts(effects)ofproposedprojects,plans,pro- grams, or legislative actions relative to the physical, chemical, biological, cultural, and socioeconomic components of the total environment. The primary purpose of theEIAprocessistoencouragetheconsiderationoftheenvironmentalissuesinplan- ning and decision-making and to ultimately arrive at actions that are more environ- mentally compatible (Canter, 1986). There are many definitions of EIA. United NationsdefineEIAasanassessmentofimpactsofaplannedactivityontheenviron- ment. According to International Association of Impact Assessment (IAIA), EIA is the systematic process to identify the future consequences of a current or proposed action.DepartmentofEnvironment,theUnitedKingdom,definedEIAasatechnique and a process by which information about environmental effects of a project is col- lected, both by the developer and from other sources, and taken into account by the planning authority informing the judgment on whether the development should EnvironmentalImpactAssessment.http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-811139-0.00001-3 Copyright©2017BSPBooksPvtLtd.PublishedbyElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved.