Cover photos: Clockwise from top left: seabream cages, Izmir Bay, Turkey (courtesy of Guzel Yucel Gier); carp fingerling ponds, Antsirabe plateau, Madagascar (courtesy of FIMA Photo Library); fish ponds for culture of Nile tilapia, African catfish and African bonytongue, Cameroon (courtesy of José Aguilar-Manjarrez); intensive shrimp farming ponds, Baja California, Mexico (courtesy of Acqua & Co S.r.l; FIMA Photo Library). � � Environmental impact FAO FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE assessment and monitoring TECHNICAL PAPER in aquaculture 527 Requirements, practices, effectiveness and improvements by Aquaculture Management and Conservation Service Fisheries and Aquaculture Management Division FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2009 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of FAO. ISBN 978-92-5-106334-7 All rights reserved. Reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product for educational or other non-commercial purposes are authorized without any prior written permission from the copyright holders provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of material in this information product for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without written permission of the copyright holders. Applications for such permission should be addressed to: Chief Electronic Publishing Policy and Support Branch Communication Division FAO Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00153 Rome, Italy or by e-mail to: [email protected] © FAO 2009 i ii Preparation of this document This document contains the main outputs of Component 2 of the FAO project “Towards sustainable aquaculture: selected issues and guidelines”. Component 2 focused on environmental impact assessment and monitoring in aquaculture, in particular on the relevant regulatory requirements, the practice, the effectiveness and suggestions for improvements. The report includes four regional review papers on EIA and monitoring in aquaculture in Africa, Asia-Pacific, Europe, Latin America and North America, a special study on EIA as applied to salmon aquaculture, as well as a global review and synthesis report which draw on the findings of the review papers, covering relevant information from more than 35 countries. The report includes a review of implementation by countries of environmental impact assessment in aquaculture according to information reported to and collected by FAO, and a case study on EIA and monitoring for clusters of small- scale cage farms in Bolinao Bay, the Philippines. In addition, this document provides both the Report of the Technical Workshop on Environmental Impact Assessment and Monitoring in Aquaculture, held at FAO headquarters in Rome from 15 to 17 September 2008, which reviewed and discussed findings of all above review and synthesis papers, as well as possible elements for guidelines, which are based on these reviews and the outcomes of the workshop. FAO’s Aquaculture Management and Conservation Service (FIMA) of the FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department commissioned the preparation of the review and synthesis papers and organized the technical workshop, with financial support provided generously by the Government of Japan. FAO/FIMA acknowledges with appreciation the technical inputs by all experts, authors and workshop participants, all of whom have contributed to this publication. Coordination of Component 2 activities and technical review of this document was done by FIMA staff including U. Barg (lead), D. Soto and J. Aguilar-Manjarrez, with the assistance of J. Hambrey (editing, synthesis, facilitation of workshop discussions) and J.L. Castilla (desktop publishing). The printed version of this document provides the introductory pages including the Foreword, Executive summary and the Background, as well as the Global review and Synthesis of reviews of EIA and monitoring in aquaculture in four regions and for salmon aquaculture, which is presented in Part 1 of this publication. The accompanying CD-ROM attached to the inside back cover provides readers with the full content of this publication including (see Contents): all of Part 1 - Reviews and synthesis; Part 2 - Workshop report; Part 3 - Towards policy guidelines; and Part 4 - Appendices. iv Abstract This document contains the main outputs of Component 2 of the FAO project “Towards sustainable aquaculture: selected issues and guidelines”. Component 2 focused on environmental impact assessment and monitoring in aquaculture, in particular on the relevant regulatory requirements, the practice, the effectiveness and suggestions for improvements. The report includes four regional reviews on EIA and monitoring in aquaculture in Africa, Asia-Pacific, Europe, Latin America and North America, a special study on EIA as applied to salmon aquaculture, as well as a global review and synthesis report which draw on the findings of the review papers, covering relevant information from more than 35 countries. In addition, this document provides the Report of the Technical Workshop on Environmental Impact Assessment and Monitoring in Aquaculture, held at FAO headquarters in Rome from 15 to 17 September 2008. The global and regional reviews in this study and the associated technical workshop draw on experience from throughout the world in the application of EIA and monitoring to aquaculture development. In practice most aquaculture is small-scale and is not subject to EIA or rigorous monitoring. More emphasis needs to be placed on environmental management frameworks which can address the environmental issues associated with large numbers of small-scale developments – including strategic environmental assessment, risk analysis, management plans for waterbodies and/or groups of farms, monitoring and response procedures. Where EIA is applied there is mixed experience. Several weaknesses were identified in the regional reviews and at the workshop, including lack of consistency in assessment; lack of appropriate standards; lack of integration between levels and divisions of government; inadequate or ineffective public consultation; lack of assessment skill and capacity; limited follow-up in terms of implementation and monitoring; and excessive bureaucracy and delays. There is very little hard evidence on cost effectiveness. Monitoring is of fundamental importance to effective environmental management of aquaculture, and without which EIA itself is largely pointless. The main weakness identified was limited implementation of monitoring requirements as developed in EIA environmental management plans, and limited analysis, reporting and feedback of farm level and wider environmental monitoring programmes into management of individual farms and the sector as a whole. The key to more effective use of both EIA and monitoring procedures will be to nest them within a higher level strategic planning and management framework, including clear environmental objectives and quality standards. More rigorous risk analysis should be used to inform the focus of both EIA and monitoring. FAO. Environmental impact assessment and monitoring in aquaculture. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper. No. 527. Rome, FAO. 2009. 57p. Includes a CD-ROM containing the full document (648 pages). v Contents Preparation of this document iii Abstract iv Contributors vi Foreword ix Executive summary x Background xvi PART 1 – Reviews and synthesis 1 Global review and synthesis of reviews of EIA and monitoring in aquaculture in four regions and for salmon aquaculture 3 Review of environmental impact assessment and monitoring of aquaculture in Africa 59 Review of environmental impact assessment and monitoring of aquaculture in the Asia-Pacific 153 Review of environmental impact assessment and monitoring of aquaculture in Europe and North America 285 Review of environmental impact assessment and monitoring of aquaculture in Latin America 395 Review of environmental impact assessment and monitoring in salmon aquaculture 455 EIA and monitoring for clusters of small-scale cage farms in Bolinao Bay: a case study 537 Countries’ implementation of environmental impact assessment in aquaculture according to information reported to and collected by FAO 553 PART 2 – Workshop report 563 Report of the FAO Technical Workshop on Environmental Impact Assessment and Monitoring in Aquaculture, 15–17 September 2008, Rome, FAO 567 PART 3 – Towards policy guidelines 619 PART 4 – Appendices 637 Appendix 1: Terms of reference for the preparation of review papers 638 Appendix 2: Description of Project Component 2 643 Appendix 3: Use of terms 646 vi Contributors The following persons prepared materials for this publication: Global review and synthesis of reviews of EIA and monitoring in aquaculture in four regions and for salmon aquaculture John B. Hambrey Hambrey Consulting, Ross-shire, Crancil Brae House, Strathpeffer IV14 9AW, Scotland, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland E-mail: [email protected] Review of environmental impact assessment and monitoring of aquaculture in Africa Chris Nugent 91 Alderbrook Road, London SW12 8AD, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland E-mail: [email protected] Review of environmental impact assessment and monitoring of aquaculture in Asia-Pacific Michael J. Phillips Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific (NACA) PO Box 1040, Kasetsart Post Office, Bangkok 10903, Thailand Present contact details: WorldFish Center, PO Box 500 GPO, 10670 Penang, Malaysia. E-mail: [email protected] Fan Enyuan Fisheries Eco-Environment Monitoring Center (Chinese Academy of Fisheries Science) No. 150, Qingta Cun, Yongding Rd. Beijing 100039, China E-mail: [email protected] Fiona Gavine Department of Primary Industries, Fisheries Victoria, Snobs Creek, Australia E-mail: [email protected] Tan Kim Hooi Centre for Coastal and Marine Environment; Maritime Institute of Malaysia, Unit B-06-08, Megan Avenue II, 12 Jalan Yap Kwan Seng 50450, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia E-mail: [email protected] M. Narayanan Kutty Formerly of Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, 10(5)/389 Puthur, Palakkad, 678001 Kerala, India E-mail: [email protected] Nelson A. Lopez Formerly of Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture Division, Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, Department of Agriculture, Metro Manilar 1101, Quezon City, Philippines Rattanawan Munkung Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University; PO Box 1072 Kasetsart, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10903, Thailand E-mail: [email protected] vii Tran Thi Thu Ngan Development and Environment Consultancy, Ltd.Co. No. 2, 27th lane, Thai Thinh, Hanoi, Viet Nam E-mail: [email protected] Patrick G. White Akvaplan-niva AS, BP 411, 26402 Crest Cedex, France E-mail: [email protected]. Koji Yamamoto Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific (NACA) PO Box 1040, Kasetsart Post Office, Bangkok 10903, Thailand E-mail: [email protected] Hisashi Yokoyama National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Minami-ise, Mie 516-0193, Japan E-mail: [email protected] Review of environmental impact assessment and monitoring of aquaculture in Europe and North America Trevor Telfer Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Helen Atkin United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Richard Corner E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Review of environmental impact assessment and monitoring of aquaculture in Latin America Agnes Saborio Coze Centro de Investigación de Ecosistemas Acuáticos (CIDEA), Universidad Centroamericana, Apartado Postal 69, Managua, Nicaragua Present contact details: [email protected] Alejandro Flores Nava Calle 14 No. 128 x 5 y 9, Fracc. Montecristi, Mérida, Yuc. 97133 Mexico Present contact details: FAO Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean, Dag Hammarskjöld 3241, Vitacura, Santiago, Chile E-mail: [email protected] Review of environmental impact assessment and monitoring in salmon aquaculture Averil Wilson Scottish Association for Marine Science (SAMS), Dunstaffnage Shona Magill Marine Laboratory, Oban, Argyll, Scotland, PA37 1QA, United Kenneth D. Black Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] EIA and monitoring for clusters of small-scale cage farms in Bolinao Bay: a case study Patrick G. White Akvaplan-niva AS, BP 411, 26402 Crest Cedex, France E-mail: [email protected]. viii Countries implementation of environmental impact assessment in aquaculture according to information reported to and collected by FAO Doris Soto Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, Food and Agriculture José Aguilar Manjarrez Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Elena Irde 00153 Rome, Italy E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Towards policy guidelines John B. Hambrey Hambrey Consulting, Ross-shire, Crancil Brae House, Strathpeffer IV14 9AW, Scotland, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland E-mail: [email protected] The participants at the FAO Technical Workshop on Environmental Impact Assessment and Monitoring in Aquaculture, held from 15 to 17 September 2008, in Rome, at FAO headquarters, reviewed, discussed and contributed to the completion of the above materials, as well as to finalization of the Workshop report. Their contact details can be found in Annex 2 of the Workshop report, Part 2 of this publication.