EURO COURSES Aseries devoted to the publication of courses and educational seminars organized by the Joint Research Centre Ispra, as part of its education and training program. Published for the Commission of the European Communities, Directorate General Telecommunications, Information Industries and Innovation, Scientific and Technical Communications Service. The EUROCOURSES consist of the following subseries: Advanced Scientific Techniques Chemical and Environmental Science - Energy Systems and Technology - Environmental Impact Assessment - Health Physics and Radiation Protection Computer and Information Science Mechanical and Materials Science - Nuclear Science and Technology Reliability and Risk Analysis - Remote Sensing - Technological Innovation ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Volume 1 The publisher will accept eontinuation orders for this series whieh may be eancelled at any time and whieh provide tor automatie billing and shipping of eaeh title in the series upon publieation. Please write for details. Environmental Impact Assessment Environmental Impact Assessment Edited by A. G. Colombo Commission for the European Communities, Joinl Research Centre, Institute for Systems Engineering and Informatics, Ispra. ltaly Springer-Science+Business Media, B. V. Based on !he lectures giWln durlng the Eurocourle an 'Environmentallmpact Assessmenl' held al the Joint Research Centre Ispra, lta1y, 5eplember3O-October 4,1991 ISBN 978-94-010-5116-3 ISBN 978-94-011-2528-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-010-2528-4 Publication arrangements by Commission 01 the European Communilies Directorate-General Telecommunications, Infonnation Industries and Innovalion, Scientifie and Technicsl Communieation Unit, Luxembourg EUR 14206 C 1992 Springer $('ienct+8usiness Media [)ordreclU Originali}' pnblislled by ECSC, EEC, EAEC, Brussels and Luxembourg in 1992 LEGAL NOT1CE Neither the Commission ol!he European Communities nor any person acting on behalf of Ihe Commission is respoosible for !ha usa whîeh might be made 01 the following inlonnation. Published by Kluwer Academie Publishers, P.D. Box 17,3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands. KIIM'er Academic Publishelll incorporata. tha publishing program ma. 01 D. Reidel, Martinus Nijhoff, Or W. Junk and MTP Press. Sold and distributed in the U.S.A. and Canada by Kluwer Academic Publishers, 101 Philip Orive, NOrw9I1, MA 02061, U.S.A. In aII othar countries, sold and distribuled by Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, P.O. Box 322, 3300 AH Ootdrechl, The Netherlands. AII Rights Reservec:l No pari 01 the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any fonn or by any means, electronic ar mechanical, including photoeopying, recording ar by any inlonnation storage and retrieval s)lstem, wilhoul written pennission!rom the copyright owner. TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword vii R.W. Wltty Introduction ix A.G. Colombo Sectlon 1. LEGISLATION The EEC directive on EIA and its implementation in the EC Member States J. JOrlssen and R. Coenen The EEC directives on environmental hazards 15 A. Amendola The Dutch integral environmental zoning project 31 A.J. Muyselaar Sectlon 2. EIA APPROACHES AND TECHNIQUES Contents and phases ot an EIA study 53 M. Masera and A.G. Colombo Risk analysis in environmental impact studies 79 S. Contlnl and A. Servlda Environmental impact assessment and risk analysis in Denmark 105 F. Bro-Rasmussen Environmental impact assessment in Germany with a special tocus on environmental planning in the Ruhr area 121 V. Klelnschmldt Pollution abate me nt in oil retineries and inorganic chemical industries 135 G.Drogarls SILVIA: Adecision support system tor environmental impact assessment 167 A. Colornl and E. Lanlado Sectlon 3. ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS AND INDICES Environmental indicators ancl measurement scales 181 G. Volta and A. Servlda Air quality assessment in environmental impact studies 189 S. cernuschl and M. Glugllano Surface water quality indicators 211 P.J. Newman Soil and ground water quality indicators 235 S.E.A.T.M. van der Zee and F.A.M. de Haan Ecotoxicological risk indicators tor environmental chemicals 261 M. Vighl and D. Calamarl Industrial plant risk indices 277 A. Romano, V. Rosslnl and A. Servlda Sectlon 4. ECONOMIC AND SOCIOLOGICAL DIMENSIONS OF EIA Sustainability, efficiency and equity: project appraisal in economic development strategies 287 M.J.F. van Pelt, A. Kuyvenhoven and P. Nljkamp Sociological aspects ot environmental impact assessment 313 L. Pellizzoni FOREWORD The Joint Research Centre of the European Communities, and in particular the Institute for Systems Engineering and Informatics (ISEI) at Ispra, have weil established competences in risk analysis, uncertainty analysis and statistical data treatment. More recently, work on Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), particularly on environmental indicators and indices and on a "system engineering approach" to EIA, has started. This approach attempts to move towards "unified" procedures to investigate normal operation and acciclental risks; these are problems concerned within both the EIA Directive 85/337/EEC and the "Seveso" Directive 821501/EEC. In May 1990, a Workshop on "Indicators and Indices for Environmentallmpact Assessment and Risk Analysis" was organized at the JRC, Ispra. The Proceedings of this Workshop (Report EUR 13060 EN, 1990) are a reference document in the fielet This book is based on the papers presented at the Eurocourse EIAl91 held at the JRC, Ispra in the Autumn of 1991. This was the first course on Environmentaiimpact Assessment given in the JRC's Eurocourse series at Ispra. It was a success because of both the high calibre of the lecturers and the weil informed and numerous participants. The work focuses on the broader aspects of EIA, namely: legislation, indicators and indices, approaches and techniques, economic and sociological implications. R.W. WHty. Director Institute tor Systems Engineering and Intormatics vii INTRODUCTION Interest in Environmental Impact Assessment methods has greatly increased in the recent past throughout Europe, due in part to the newly promulgated European directives and nationallaws in the fjeld of environmental protection. The aim of this book is to present methods and approaches which make the global cognitive process dealing with environmental impact assessment efficient and transparent. It includes seventeen papers grouped into four sections: legislation, EIA approaches and techniques, environmental indicators and indices, economic and sociological dimensions of EIA. Section 1 includes three papers. The paper by Jörissen and Coenen gives an overview of the current state of implementation of EIA in the EC Member States. The different strategies of incorporation of the EEC directive into national law are analysed for central aspects of regulation and evaluated against the background of an ideal EIA concept. In the second paper, Amendola presents the directives aimed at controlling hazards linked with the processing, storage and use of dangerous substances. The ·Seveso· directive is discussed extensively. The recent directives on biotechnology hazards are also considered. Muyselaar iIIustrates the Dutch integral environmental zoning project. In this project, the concept of risk management is used to establish quantitative acceptability criteria for different agents in the sectoral policy. Section 2 includes six papers. The first paper, by Masera and Colombo, describes critically the phases that must be accomplished to carry out an EAI procedure. The objective of the paper is twofold. First, to emphasise the participation of the different actors of an EIA study, i.e.: developer, authority, technical advisers and the public. Second, to argue the cornprehensive process that should support the relating procedure. The paper by Contini and Servida deals with risk analysis in the framework of environmental impact studies of industrial installations. Starting from the fundamental definitions of risk, hazard and accident, the main phases of the Probabilistic Risk Analysis procedure are described and the methods for implementing such a procedure are reviewed. Bro-Rasmussen discusses Danish experience in Environmentaiimpact Assessment and Risk Analysis. Two practical examples are iIIustrated. The first deals with the environmental stress from toxic chemicals that are discharged from a pesticide plant into the coastal marine ecosystem. The second is concerned with the planning and construction of permanent railway and motorway connections between two of the Danish islands. Kleinschmidt reports on the implementation of the EEC directive in Germany and iIIustrates a research project concerning environmental planning in the Ruhr area. Drogaris discusses the problems that arise in the evaluation of an environmental impact study for oil refineries and inorganic chemical processes. The last paper of this section is by Colorni and Laniado. They present a software package containing a methodological framework and a decision support system for EIA. The interactive procedure, adopted over all the steps, makes it possible to really involve all the people concerned and to obtain more rationality and transparency in decision making. Section 3 also contains six papers. The paper by Volta and Servida reviews the nature of indicators and indices as knowledge carriers in the EIA process and looks again at the theory of measurement in the perspective of its application to knowledge relevant for EIA. Cernuschi and Giugliano discuss the main implications of air quality standards in the simulation of ground level pollutant concentrations by atmospheric transport and diffusion models. Particular emphasis is given to the Gaussian plume equation and to the criteria used for its application in deriving concentration values suitable for a direct comparison with the standards. Newman examines the various approaches to the assessment of surface water quality and reviews a range of such schemes currently in use in the Community. He also makes recommendations for possible ix x future surface water classification schemes. The paper by van der Zee and de Haan deals with soil and ground water indicators. The present standards for soil and ground water quality are reviewed, considering the standards critically from the point of view of their aims. The rnain message of this contribution concerns the identification of appropriate quality indicators, according to the function of interest. Vighi and Calamari propose the scheme of an integrated ecotoxicological approach for hazard assessment and risk evaluation for the management of potentially harmful chemicals. They discuss the predictive capability of such an approach and the possibility of applying it to environmental impact studies. The paper by Romano et al. deals with indices to characterise the level of risk of an industrial plant. It iIIustrates the features of the most widely used risk indices regarding the scope of the analysis which can be performed using them. Section 4 includes two papers. The paper by van Peh et al. focuses on conflicts between short term economic development and Iong-term environmental problems. Definitions of the key criteria of sustainability, efficiency and equity are proposed by the authors. The last paper, by Pellizzoni, focuses on the sociological implications of different EIA models and on the associated problems which concern: the different functions of participation, the identification of the components of the public interested, their involvement in the procedure and the employment of objective and subjective indicators in the measurement of social impacts. A. G. Colombo, Editor INVITED LECTURER ADDRESSES Dr. J. Jörissen Department of Applied System Analysis Nuclear Research Centre Karlsruhe o - 7500 Karlsruhe Federal Republic of Germany Dr. A. Amendola CEC. Joint Research Centre Institute for Systems Engineering and Informatics 1-21020 Ispra (Va) Haly Dr. A.J. Muyselaar Ministry of Housing. Physical Planning and Environment Directorate General for Environmental Protection 2260 MB Leidschendam The Netherlands Dr. M. Masera CEC. Joint Research Centre Institute for Systems Engineering and Informatics I -21020 Ispra (Va) Haly Dr. S. Contini CEC. Joint Research Centre Institute for Systems Engineering and Informatics 1-21020 Ispra (Va) Haly Prof. F. Bro-Rasmussen Laboratory of Environmental Science and Ecology Technical University of Denmark DK -2800 Lyngby Denmark Prof. V. Kleinschmidt EIA Research Centre University of Dortmund o - 4600 Dortmund Federal Republic of Germany Dr. G. Drogaris CEC. Joint Research Centre Institute for Systems Engineering and Informatics I -21020 Ispra (Va) Haly xi xii Prof. A. Colomi Systems Theory Centre of the National Research Council and Department of Electronics. Milan Polytechnic Via Ponzio 34 1-20131 Milan haly Dr. G. Voha CEC. Joint Research Centre Institute for Systems Engineering and Informatics 1-21020 Ispra (Va) haly Dr. S. Cernuschi D.I.I.A.R. -Environmental Section Milan Polytechnic Via Fratelli Gorlini 1 I -20151 Milan haly Dr. P. J. Newman Water Research Centre Medmenham Henley Road. Marlow. Bucks UK -Buckinghamshire. SL7 2HD United Kingdom. Prof. S.E.A.T.M. van der Zee Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition Wageningen Agricultural University 6700 EC Wageningen The Netherlands Prof. Calamari Institute of AgricuHural Entomology University of Milan Via Celoria 2 1-20133 Milan Haly Dr. A. Servida TECSA. R & D Division Via Caravaggi I -24040 Levate (Bg) haly Prof. P. Nijkamp Dept. of Economics Free University of Amsterdam PO Box 7161 1007 MC Amsterdam The Netherlands Dr. L. Pellizzoni Institute of Intemational Sociology via Mazzini 13 I -34170 Gorizia haly