L1616_ cover 11/18/03 10:06 AM Page 1 C M Y CM MY CY CMY K Environmental Science & Technology “This is not your ordinary textbook…It is eclectic, practical, in places a handbook, a guide to fieldwork…and, perhaps most engaging to me, in places the authors offer personal views as well as more strongly worded opinions. The former often relate to evaluation of alternative approaches, or formulations, of specific solutions to specific hydrologic problems...I hope any student will enjoy, not just profit from, the careful advice given to those involved in their first observations of rivers in the field…” —Professor M. Gordon (Reds) Wolman, Johns Hopkins University Environmental Hydrology, Second Edition, builds upon What’s New in the Second Edition: the foundation of the best-selling first edition by • A larger format that includes more than 100 tables providing a qualitative understanding of hydrologic and 300+ illustrations and photographs processes while introducing new methods for • 100+ worked examples, plus 140 problems, quantifying hydrologic parameters and processes. laboratory exercises, and projects Written by authors with extensive multidisciplinary experience, the text first discusses the components of • Special focus on remote sensing and geographic the hydrologic cycle, then follows with chapters on information systems precipitation, stream processes, human impacts, new • New chapter on river geomorphology information system applications, and numerous other • Extensive information on biota, riparian zones, methods and strategies. constructed wetlands, detention/retention ponds, and landfill hydrology Nearly all of the content is new, updated with information on the newest analytical tools and • Detailed overview of watershed sediment budgets, measurement methodologies in the field. The authors classification applications, precipitation, and various provide an ideal reference for students in environmental scales of hydrologic processes science, hydrology, soil science, geology, ecological engineering, and countless other environmental fields. L1616 Lewis Publishers www.crcpress.com Composite ENVIRONMENTAL HYDROLOGY SECOND EDITION This page intentionally left blank ENVIRONMENTAL HYDROLOGY SECOND EDITION Andy D. Ward Stanley W. Trimble FOREWORD BY M.G. WOLMAN LEWIS PUBLISHERS A CRC Press Company Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C. CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2003 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20121003 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4200-5661-7 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Dedication To my parents, Alan and Beryl, for their love, wisdom, understanding, high moral standards, compassion for humanity, and ability to make the best of any situation. To my children, Samantha and Trevor, and my wife, Clover, for their love, support, tolerance, understanding, and the sacrifices they made during the many hours, weeks, and months I spent working on this book. Andy Ward To my parents, to my family, to my students, and to my teachers, especially my geography graduate mentor, Kirk H. Stone, 1914–1997. To the taxpayers of California and the United States. While most of them will never read this book, they have supported the activities that have given me the knowledge and experience to write my contributions to it. Stan Trimble In Loving Memory Jarrett Mynear April 16, 1989–October 4, 2002 A kind and strong spirit who inspired everyone he touched. Jarrett (left) on his 12th birthday with Samantha, Trevor, and Andy Ward. A portion of Andy’s royalties will be donated to Jarrett’s Joy Cart. Be inspired and read about the Joy Cart and Jarrett’s story at www.thejoycart.com. In Appreciation The Blair School of Music at Vanderbilt University, which has been so important to Stan’s daughters, Alicia and Jennie, and, in a broader sense, important to the cultural life of middle Tennessee. A portion of Stan’s royalties will be donated to Blair. Read more about Blair at www.vanderbilt.edu/blair This page intentionally left blank Foreword: For the Student This is not your ordinary textbook. Environmental Hydrol- I hope any student will enjoy, just not profit from the ogy is indeed a textbook, but five elements often found careful advice given to those involved in their first obser- separately combine here in one text to make it different. It vations of rivers in the field. For example, the authors is eclectic, practical, in places a handbook, a guide to field- “stoop” to telling the student reader how many persons work, engagingly personal and occasionally opinionated. should be engaged in carrying out a task; perfectly laugh- The material covered includes expected chapters on able unless you have nearly drowned by failing to do the basic aspects of the hydrologic cycle such as rainfall, runoff, obvious, or finished a day’s fieldwork and notes by lantern and evapotranspiration. There is, at the same time, extensive in the dark. coverage of stream processes, soil erosion and sedimenta- And, perhaps most engaging to me, in places the tion, and human impacts on the hydrologic cycle. authors offer personal views as well as more strongly Throughout, the authors have chosen to emphasize the worded opinions. The former often relate to evaluation of practical rather that the theoretical aspects of hydrology. alternative approaches, or formulations, of specific solu- Many texts do this in hydrology, perhaps too many, but in tions to specific hydrologic problems. One or the other of this book that orientation is enhanced with a content and the authors, not the anonymous royal we, states his choice style that evidence their commitment to what the authors based on his own experience. More rarely, it is noted that call a “student-centered” view. Many, if not most of us, contrary to the notoriety of some hydrologic findings, the in the academic world profess this centered vision but findings are grossly in error and the resulting policies quickly lodge our teaching on the periphery. Not so here. foolish and misdirected. Chapters devoted to the application of remote sensing This thick book is a labor of love. No doubt it contains and geographic systems to hydrology and to conducting errors of commission and perhaps even omission. One and reporting hydrologic studies nicely capture the prac- hopes that students, as they struggle with the material in tical flavor. At the same time, a focus on the practical leads the text, will warm both to what inspires the authors and not only to the inclusion of many approaches to solving through that to the subject — hydrology. specific problems but also to the inclusion in text and appendices of the vital statistics of hydrology, thus the Professor M. Gordon Wolman attribute of a modest handbook. The Johns Hopkins University This page intentionally left blank Acknowledgments Preparation of this book would not have been possible Reviews of portions of the book were provided by without the outstanding collective contributions of many Felicia Federico, John D. Hewlett, Anand Jayakaran (several people. We regret that it is not possible for us to fully chapters), David Montgomery (classification section of express our gratitude for these efforts or to adequately Chapter 6), Frank Parker (part of Chapter 12), Mike Singer recognize every contribution. Particular thanks are (part of Chapter 3), Terry Stewart (several chapters), Peter extended to Dawn Farver for her extraordinary efforts in Whiting (Chapter 6), Lance Williams (Chapter 6), and Jon coordinating the final preparation of the book materials, Witter (several chapters). Other important contributions contributing to Chapter 1 (some of the statistics) and were provided by Jean Boenish, Jan Boll, Tess Brennan, Chapter 12 (bioassessment methods), and providing many Larry Brown, Ann Chin, Jeff Harvey, John Hewlett, Barbara valuable suggestions. Chase Langford brilliantly produced Hoag, Linda O’Hirok, Norman Meek, Alex Mendel, Paul many of the final illustrations in the book. Diane Yagich Price, Lisa Lindenmann, Ken Schwarz, and Steve Workman. also produced many fine illustrations and assisted Dawn Terry Stewart assisted with the research for several topics, Farver with preparing all the illustrations in their final produced a few of the Excel figures, and did all the collating format. Dan Mecklenburg reviewed Chapter 6 and parts and formatting of the references, glossary of terms, and some of Chapter 12, provided technical assistance with several of the other materials in the appendices. The many hours of the Excel illustrations, provided data for several exam- that Anand Jayakaran and Jon Witter spent obtaining mate- ples and figures, and provided some photographs of rials from various libraries is greatly appreciated. Additional streams. Several illustrations were prepared by Jeff Blatt help was provided by Erick Powell. Thanks to Joan Wu who and Julie Thomas. Bill Elliot, John Lyon, David Mont- provided an errata for materials from the 1st edition and gomery, and the Center for Watershed Protection provided some helpful suggestions. a large number of the photographs. Additional photo- We are indebted to Professor M. Gordon (Reds) Wolman graphs were provided by Yuichi Kayaba, Don McCool, for writing a preface to the book. We hope that this book Gary Sands, Dawn Farver, David Derrick, the Ohio will aid society and partially repay the many excellent Department of Natural Resources, and Salix Applied scientists and engineers who have shared their knowledge Earthcare. Northwest Tennessee Tourism provided photo- and wisdom with us throughout our careers. Every effort graphs of Reelfoot Lake and the photograph on the back has been made to accurately and fairly represent the col- cover. Chapter 13 was written by John Lyon, who also lective knowledge of the countless people whom we have prepared the information on data sources that are pre- been fortunate to work with and learn from. sented in the appendices, Charles Luce wrote parts of The corrections, suggestions, and patience of the Chapter 10, and E. Scott Bair wrote most of Chapter 11. many students who have used parts of the book during the Bill Elliot wrote some of the materials on soil erosion (the past few years are also greatly appreciated. The authors first part of Chapter 9) and contributed to Chapters 1 and would like to recognize the valuable support and many 2. Portions of Chapters 3, and 4 are based on material sacrifices that were made by students and their families from the “Purple Book” that were prepared by Jay Dorsey during the development of the book. The permission that and Sue Nokes. We would like to thank Terry Logan who was granted by many people and organizations to use a contributed to the 1st Edition of the book. diversity of copyright materials helped us to produce a Important contributions were provided by Jan Boll book of this quality. Acknowledgment of each contribu- (part of the discussion on cold climate hydrology in Chap- tion of work published by others is presented in the text ter 9), Anne Christy and Julie Weatherington-Rice (frac- or caption for each table and figure where appropriate. We ture flow, Chapters 5 and 11), Kerry Hughes (landfills, apologize if we have inadvertently failed to recognize Chapter 12), Tim Lawrence (NEMO, Chapter 12), and anyone for their contribution and for any omissions in Lance Williams (stream biota, Chapters 6 and 12). The obtaining a necessary copyright permission. In particular, section on constructed wetlands in Chapter 12 was prima- we apologize for any omissions in citing the page and rily based on information presented in fact sheets written figure or table number from an original sources. Contri- by Ted Tyson and Ken Simeral. We would also like to butions to the 1st and 2nd editions were prepared by many thank Dave Rosgen and Wildland Hydrology, for allowing people during a period of almost 10 years. Tracking down use of various materials on stream processes. all oversights became an overwhelming task.