Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, Hannover Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources Environmental Geology Handbook of Field Methods and Case Studies This book is based on a joint research project partially funded by the Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) of the Federal Republic of Germany through the Project Agency Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH, Water Technology and Waste Management Division (PTKA-WTE / FKZ 0261218). The authors are responsible for the scientific content of their contribution. Klaus Knödel Gerhard Lange Hans-Jürgen Voigt Environmental Geology Handbook of Field Methods and Case Studies with contributions by Thekla Abel, Sven Altfelder, Ulrich Beims, Manfred Birke, Norbert Blindow, Antje Bohn, Tilmann Bucher, Reiner Dohrmann, William E. Doll, Dieter Eisenburger, Hagen Hilse, Peter Herms, Bernhard Hörig, Bernhard Illich, Florian Jenn, Stephan Kaufhold, Claus Kohfahl, Franz König, Friedrich Kühn, Manja Liese, Harald Lindner, Reinhard Meyer, Klaus-Henrik Mittenzwey, Kai Müller, Mike Müller, Ranjeet Nagare, Michael Neuhaus, Claus Nitsche, Ricardo A. Olea, Hellfried Petzold, Michael Porzig, Jens Radschinski, Thomas Richter, Knut Seidel, Kathrin R. Schmidt, Dietmar Schmidt, Andreas Schuck, Anke Steinbach, Alejandra Tejedo, Andreas Tiehm, Markus Toloczyki, Peter Weidelt, Thomas Wonik, Ugur Yaramanci with 501 Figures and 204 Tables Editor: BUNDESANSTALT FÜR GEOWISSENSCHAFTEN UND ROHSTOFFE Stilleweg 2 30655 HANNOVER GERMANY ISBN 978-3-540-74669-0 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2007937937 This work is subject to copyright. 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Oelschläger Typesetting: Camera-ready by Claudia Wießner, BGR, Berlin Office Printed on acid-free paper 30/2132/AO 543210 Table of Contents 1 Introduction 1 Klaus Knödel, Gerhard Lange & Hans-Jürgen Voigt 2 Preparatory Steps and Common Problems 11 Klaus Knödel, Gerhard Lange & Hans-Jürgen Voigt 2.1 Placing of Orders and Order Handling 11 2.2 Collection and Use of Existing Data 12 2.3 Information Campaign and Permit Application 14 2.4 Mobilization and Demobilization 16 2.5 Land Surveying 17 2.6 Quality Assurance and Reporting 21 3 Remote Sensing 23 Peter Herms, Bernhard Hörig, Friedrich Kühn, Dietmar Schmidt & Anke Steinbach, with a contribution by Tilmann Bucher 3.1 Aerial Photography 23 Dietmar Schmidt & Friedrich Kühn 3.1.1 Principle of the Methods 23 3.1.2 Applications 24 3.1.3 Fundamentals 25 3.1.4 Instruments and Film 27 3.1.5 Survey Practice 34 3.1.6 Interpretation of Aerial Photographs 36 3.1.7 Quality Assurance 43 3.1.8 Personnel, Equipment, Time Needed 46 3.1.9 Examples 47 3.2 Photogrammetry 73 Dietmar Schmidt, Peter Herms, Anke Steinbach & Friedrich Kühn 3.2.1 Principle of the Methods 73 3.2.2 Applications 74 3.2.3 Fundamentals 74 3.2.4 Instruments 81 3.2.5 Survey Practice 82 3.2.6 Processing and Interpretation of Data 82 3.2.7 Quality Assurance 85 3.2.8 Personnel, Equipment, Time Needed 86 3.2.9 Examples 86 VI Table of Contents 3.3 Nonphotographic Imaging from Aircraft and Space-borne 97 Platforms Friedrich Kühn, Bernhard Hörig & Dietmar Schmidt, with a contribution by Tilmann Bucher 3.3.1 Principle of the Methods 97 3.3.2 Applications 99 3.3.3 Fundamentals 100 3.3.4 Instruments 115 3.3.5 Survey Practice 124 3.3.6 Processing and Interpretation of Data 125 3.3.7 Quality Assurance 134 3.3.8 Personnel, Equipment, Time Needed 136 3.3.9 Examples 137 4 Geophysics 161 Norbert Blindow, Klaus Knödel, Franz König, Gerhard Lange, Harald Lindner, Reinie Meyer, Klaus-Henrik Mittenzwey, Andreas Schuck, Knut Seidel, Peter Weidelt, Thomas Wonik, Ugur Yaramanci, with contributions by Dieter Eisenburger, Bernhard Illich, Ricardo A. Olea, Hellfried Petzold & Thomas Richter 4.1 Magnetic Methods 161 Klaus Knödel 4.1.1 Principle of the Methods 161 4.1.2 Applications 162 4.1.3 Fundamentals 162 4.1.4 Instruments 168 4.1.5 Survey Practice 170 4.1.6 Processing and Interpretation of the Measured Data 171 4.1.7 Quality Assurance 174 4.1.8 Personnel, Equipment, Time Needed 175 4.1.9 Examples 176 4.2 Gravity Methods 185 Knut Seidel & Harald Lindner 4.2.1 Principle of the Methods 185 4.2.2 Applications 186 4.2.3 Fundamentals 186 4.2.4 Instruments 191 4.2.5 Survey Practice 192 4.2.6 Processing and Interpretation of the Measured Data 195 4.2.7 Quality Assurance 197 4.2.8 Personnel, Equipment, Time Needed 198 4.2.9 Examples 199 Table of Contents VII 4.3 Direct Current Resistivity Methods 205 Knut Seidel & Gerhard Lange 4.3.1 Principle of the Methods 205 4.3.2 Applications 207 4.3.3 Fundamentals 207 4.3.4 Instruments 215 4.3.5 Survey Practice 216 4.3.6 Processing and Interpretation of Measured Data 221 4.3.7 Quality Assurance 225 4.3.8 Personnel, Equipment, Time Needed 227 4.3.9 Examples 228 4.4 Electromagnetic Methods 239 Gerhard Lange & Knut Seidel 4.4.1 Principle of the Methods 239 4.4.2 Applications 243 4.4.3 Fundamentals 243 4.4.4 Instruments 255 4.4.5 Survey Practice 260 4.4.6 Processing and Interpretation of Measured Data 263 4.4.7 Quality Assurance 266 4.4.8 Personnel, Equipment, Time Needed 269 4.4.9 Examples 270 4.5 Ground Penetrating Radar 283 Norbert Blindow, with contributions by Dieter Eisenburger, Bernhard Illich, Hellfried Petzold & Thomas Richter 4.5.1 Principle of the Methods 283 4.5.2 Applications 285 4.5.3 Fundamentals 286 4.5.4 Instruments 297 4.5.5 Survey Practice 300 4.5.6 Processing, Presentation and Interpretation of the Measured 302 Data 4.5.7 Quality Assurance 303 4.5.8 Personnel, Equipment, Time Needed 304 4.5.9 Examples 305 4.5.10 Special Applications and New Developments 316 Dieter Eisenburger 4.6 Seismic Methods 337 Andreas Schuck & Gerhard Lange 4.6.1 Principle of the Methods 337 4.6.2 Applications 340 4.6.3 Fundamentals 341 4.6.3.1 Propagation of Elastic Waves 341 4.6.3.2 Elastic Parameters and Seismic Velocities 343 VIII Table of Contents 4.6.3.3 Reflection, Transmission and Diffraction 347 4.6.3.4 Surface Waves 350 4.6.3.5 Seismic Resolution 352 4.6.4 Instruments 354 4.6.4.1 Seismic Sources 354 4.6.4.2 Seismic Sensors 359 4.6.4.3 Seismic Recording Instruments 362 4.6.5 Seismic Refraction Surveying 363 4.6.5.1 Principle of the Method 363 4.6.5.2 Survey Practice 364 4.6.5.3 Processing and Interpretation 365 4.6.5.4 Personnel, Equipment, Time Needed 369 4.6.6 Seismic Reflection Surveying 369 4.6.6.1 Principle of the Method 369 4.6.6.2 Survey Practice 373 4.6.6.3 Processing and Interpretation of Measured Data 376 4.6.6.4 Quality Assurance 382 4.6.6.5 Personnel, Equipment and Time Needed 383 4.6.7 Borehole Seismic Methods 384 4.6.7.1 Principle of the Methods 384 4.6.7.2 Applications 384 4.6.7.3 Fundamentals 385 4.6.7.4 Instruments 386 4.6.7.5 Survey Practice 386 4.6.7.6 Processing and Interpretation of Measured Data 387 4.6.7.7 Quality Assurance 387 4.6.7.8 Personnel, Equipment, Time Needed 388 4.6.8 Examples 388 4.7 Surface Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 403 Gerhard Lange, Ugur Yaramanci & Reinhard Meyer 4.7.1 Principle of the Method 403 4.7.2 Applications 404 4.7.3 Fundamentals 404 4.7.4 Instruments 408 4.7.5 Survey Practice 410 4.7.6 Processing and Interpretation of the Measured Data 413 4.7.7 Quality Assurance 415 4.7.8 Personnel, Equipment, Time Needed 416 4.7.9 Examples 416 4.8 Borehole Logging 431 Thomas Wonik with a contribution by Ricardo A. Olea 4.8.1 Principle of the Methods 431 4.8.2 Applications 433 4.8.3 Slimhole Logging Equipment and Logging Methods 434 Table of Contents IX 4.8.3.1 Radioactivity Logging Methods 436 4.8.3.2 Electrical Methods 438 4.8.3.3 Electromagnetic Methods 440 4.8.3.4 Acoustic Methods 440 4.8.3.5 Optical Methods 441 4.8.3.6 Methods for Determining the Properties of Drilling Fluids 441 (Fluid Logs) 4.8.3.7 Methods for Determining Borehole Properties 443 4.8.4 Survey Practice, Personnel, Equipment, Time Needed 443 4.8.5 Quality Assurance 447 4.8.6 Processing and Interpretation of the Logging Data and 449 Examples 4.8.7 Expected Future Developments 470 4.9 Geophysical In-situ Groundwater and Soil Monitoring 475 Franz König, Klaus Knödel, Klaus-Henrik Mittenzwey & Peter Weidelt 4.9.1 Principle of the Methods 475 4.9.2 Applications 477 4.9.3 Fundamentals 478 4.9.3.1 Environmental Parameters 478 4.9.3.2 Optical Spectroscopy 481 4.9.3.3 EM Monitoring 484 4.9.4 Instruments 488 4.9.5 Field work 492 4.9.6 Processing 493 4.9.7 Quality Assurance 494 4.9.8 Personnel, Equipment, Time Needed 494 4.9.9 Examples 495 5 Geological, Hydrogeological, Geochemical and 507 Microbiological Investigations Sven Altfelder, Ulrich Beims, Manfred Birke, Reiner Dohrmann, Hagen Hilse, Florian Jenn, Stephan Kaufhold, Klaus Knödel, Claus Kofahl, Manja Liese, Kai Müller, Mike Müller, Ranjeet Nagare, Michael Neuhaus, Claus Nitsche, Michael Porzig, Jens Radschinski, Katrin R. Schmidt, Andreas Thiem & Hans-Jürgen Voigt 5.1 Methods for Characterizing the Geological Setting 507 Klaus Knödel, Kai Müller, Michael Neuhaus, Florian Jenn & Hans-Jürgen Voigt 5.1.1 Geologic Field Observations 511 Florian Jenn, Klaus Knödel & Hans-Jürgen Voigt 5.1.2 Trenching 519 Klaus Knödel & Hans-Jürgen Voigt X Table of Contents 5.1.3 Drilling 524 Florian Jenn & Hans-Jürgen Voigt 5.1.4 Direct Push Technology 540 Kai Müller, Michael Neuhaus & Hans-Jürgen Voigt 5.2 Methods for Characterizing the Hydrologic and 567 Hydraulic Conditions Ulrich Beims, Florian Jenn, Klaus Knödel, Manja Liese, Ranjeet Nagare, Claus Nitsche, Michael Porzig & Hans-Jürgen Voigt 5.2.1 Precipitation 569 Florian Jenn, Klaus Knödel, Manja Liese & Hans-Jürgen Voigt 5.2.2 Evaporation and Evapotranspiration 581 Florian Jenn, Klaus Knödel, Manja Liese & Hans-Jürgen Voigt 5.2.3 Runoff 590 Florian Jenn, Klaus Knödel, Manja Liese & Hans-Jürgen Voigt 5.2.4 Infiltration 603 Florian Jenn, Klaus Knödel, Manja Liese & Hans-Jürgen Voigt 5.2.5 Groundwater Recharge 612 Florian Jenn, Klaus Knödel, Manja Liese & Hans-Jürgen Voigt 5.2.6 Groundwater Monitoring 619 Florian Jenn, Claus Nitsche & Hans-Jürgen Voigt 5.2.7 Determination of Hydraulic Parameters 643 Ulrich Beims, Ranjeet Nagare, Claus Nitsche, Michael Porzig & Hans-Jürgen Voigt 5.2.7.1 Infiltrometer and Permeameter Tests 649 Florian Jenn, Ranjeet Nagare, Michael Porzig & Hans-Jürgen Voigt 5.2.7.2 Pumping Tests 681 Ulrich Beims 5.2.7.3 Laboratory Methods 711 Florian Jenn, Claus Nitsche & Hans-Jürgen Voigt 5.3 Methods for Characterizing the Geochemical and 749 Microbiological Conditions Sven Altfelder, Manfred Birke, Reiner Dohrmann, Hagen Hilse, Florian Jenn, Stephan Kaufhold, Klaus Knödel, Claus Nitsche, Kathrin R. Schmidt, Andreas Thiem & Hans-Jürgen Voigt