Environmental, Ethical, and Economical Issues of Nanotechnology Environmental, Ethical, and Economical Issues of Nanotechnology edited by Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain Gustavo Marques da Costa Published by Jenny Stanford Publishing Pte. Ltd. 101 Thomson Road #06-01, United Square Singapore 307591 Email: [email protected] Web: www.jennystanford.com British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Environmental, Ethical, and Economical Issues of Nanotechnology All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form Copyright © 2022 by Jenny Stanford Publishing Pte. Ltd. or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the publisher. For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission to photocopy is not required from the publisher. ISBN 978-981-4877-76-3 (Hardcover) ISBN 978-1-003-26185-8 (eBook) Contents Preface 1. Na noma terials in the Environment: Definitions, xi Characterizations, Effects, and Applications 1 Daniela Patrícia Freire Bonfim, Gabriela Brunosi Medeiros, Alessandro Estarque de Oliveira, Vádila Giovana Guerra, and Mônica Lopes Aguiar 1.1 Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials: Definitions and Properties 2 1.2 Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials: Appli c ations 7 1.3 Chara cterization Techniques of Nanomaterials 9 1.3.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy 9 1.3.2 Atomic Force Microscopy 10 1.3.3 Spectroscopic Analysis 10 1.3.4 Dynamic Light Scattering 11 1.3.5 X-ray Diffraction 11 1.4 Risks to Human Population and Environment 12 1.5 Nano s cale Air Pollutants 13 1.6 Fibro u s Filters and Nanofiltration 14 1.6.1 Theory of Air Filtration 15 1.6.2 Air-Filtration Applications: Nanofibers 20 2. 1N.a7n ofibFeirn Parlo Cdouncstiidoenr Taetciohnnsiq auneds PAeprpslpieedc ttiov e s 22 Filtration Processes 31 Alessandro Estarque de Oliveira, Daniela Patrícia Freire Bonfim, Ana Isabela Pianowski Salussoglia, Gabriela Brunosi Medeiros, Vádila Giovana Guerra, and Mônica Lopes Aguiar 2.1 Production Techniques of Nanofibers and Nanostructures 32 vi Contents 2.1.1 Drawing 33 2.1.2 Electrospinning 34 2.1.3 Co-electrospinning and Solution Blow Spinning 36 2.1.4 Centrifugal Spinning 37 2.1.5 Melt Spin n ing and Melt Blow Spinning 38 2.1.6 Dry Spinning, Wet Spinning, and Gel Spinning 40 2.1.7 Template Synthesis 41 2.1.8 Phase Separation 44 2.1.9 Self-Assembly 45 2.2 Techniques of Characterization 46 3. 2R.i3sk s anCdo Enfcfelucstsio onn Human Health of Nanomaterials 4691 Gustavo Marques da Costa, Aline Belem Machado, Daniela Montanari Migliavacca Osório, Daiane Bolzan Berlese, and Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain 3.1 Introduction 62 3.1.1 Nanomaterials and Their Effects 62 3.2 Toxicity, Transport, and Destination 62 3.3 Risk of Nanoparticles to Humans 65 4. 3B.i4o availCabonilictlyu asinodn T oxicity of Manufactured 69 Nanoparticles in Terrestrial Environments 73 Aline Belém Machado, Gustavo Marques da Costa, Daniela Montanari Migliavacca Osório, Daiane Bolzan Berlese, and Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain 4.1 Origin of Manufactured Nanoparticles in Terrestrial Environments 74 4.2 Bioav a ilability of Nanomaterials in Terre s trial Environments 77 4.2.1 Aggregation/Agglomeration 80 4.2.2 Dissolution and Redox 80 4.2.3 Adsorption 82 4.2.4 Chemical Processes 82 Contents vii 4.3 Toxicity of Manufactured Nanoparticles 82 5. 4O.c4c upatCioonnacll uHseioanlt h Hazards of Nanoparticles 8839 Sandra Magali Heberle and Michele dos Santos Gomes da Rosab 5.1 Introd uction 89 5.2 Anato my of the Respiratory System 95 5.2.1 Respiratory Control Breathing 96 5.2.2 Lung Capacity and Lung Volumes 96 5.2.3 Spirometry 97 5.2.4 Basic Standards to be Recognized in S pirometry 100 5.3 Nanomedicine and Pulmonary Disea se Therapy 104 5.4 Nanoparticles Benefits in Nasal and 6. Ethical IIsnsuheasla itni oNna Tnohteercahpnyo logy-I 110049 Maurício Machado da Rosa 6.1 Measures and Indicators of Societal Impacts 110 6.2 Societal Implications of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 113 6.3 Socia l Acceptance of Nanotechnology 114 6.4 Ident i fying Ethical Issues 117 6.4.1 General Ethical Concepts 117 6.4.2 Ethical Principles 118 6.4.3 Ethical Issues of Modified Foods 119 6.4.4 Medical Ethical Issues 119 6.4.5 Usability Ethical Issue 120 6.4.6 Implanted Nanochip Ethica l Issues 121 6.5 Addressing the Issues to the Geograph ical, Economic, Psycho-Social, Affective, Cogni tive, Technical Administrative, and P o litical Parameters 121 6.5.1 Geographical Issues 122 6.5.2 Economic Issues 123 6.5.3 Psycho-Social, Affective, and Cognitive Issues 123 viii Contents 6.5.4 Technical Administrative Issues 124 6.5.5 Governance and Political Parameters 125 7. 6Et.6h ical IEsstuheicsa iln, RNealnigoitoeucsh, naonldo gCyu-IlIt u ral Acceptability 112361 Wilson Engelmann, Raquel von Hohendorff, and Daniele Weber da Silva Leal 7.1 Introduction 132 7.2 Insertion of Nanotechnologies into Human Life and the Risks: The Emergence of an Ethico-Legal Category 135 7.3 Shifting from “The Coherent Life Plan” (Finni s) Model to the “Coh e rent Ethico-Legal Plan” Model to Regulate Ch a llenges Brought about by Nanomaterials 140 8. E7c.4o nomFicisn oalf CNoannsoitdeecrhantoiolongsy -I and Modern Policy 145 and Decision-Making about Nano 151 Gustavo Marques da Costa and Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain 8.1 Introduction 151 8.2 Public and Private Investments in Nanotechnology 152 8.3 Nanotechnology and Unintended Consequences 154 8.4 Nano-Mechanisms as Unique Governance Challenges: Nanotechnology and Security 155 8.5 Planning for the Unexpected 157 8.6 Vision of Modern Life with Nano 157 8.7 Nanotechnology and Its Interfaces 160 9. 8Ec.8o nomFicisn oalf CNoannsoitdeecrhantoiolongsy -II 116615 Michele dos Santos Gomes da Rosa and Maurício Machado da Rosa 9.1 Nanotechnology (Benefits and Risks) 166 9.2 Community Ownership 166 9.3 Nano-Infrastructure 167 Contents ix 9.4 Commercialization of Nanotechn ologies 167 9.5 National Security / Economic Competitiveness 168 9.6 Nanomedicine and Human B o dy 169 9.7 Economic Impact 170 10. L9e.8g alizaStiuosnt aoifn Nabainliottye: cEhnnvoilroognym ent 117717 Maicon Artmann, Roberta Verdi, Vanusca Dalosto Jahno, and Haide Maria Hupffer 10.1 Introduction 178 10.2 Regulatory and Governance Initiatives fo r Nanotechnology in the European Union 178 10.3 An Overview of Regulatory Initiativ es in the United States and China 186 10.4 Contribution of Intergovernmental Organizatio ns to the Governance or Risk Management of Nanotechnologies 191 11. 1Fu0t.5u re: CGorenecnlu asniodn S ustainable Nano 129085 Gustavo Marques da Costa and Michele dos Santos Gomes da Rosa 11.1 Future 206 11.1.1 The Application 209 I ndex 1 1.2 Conclusion 215 219