When scholars from around the world gathered at the fourth Enoch Seminar to consider the differences between early Enoch literature and Jubilees, four tendencies emerged from the discussion. Some scholars claimed that Jubilees was a direct product of Enochic Judaism and Mosaic features were simply subordinated to Enoch ideology. Some suggested that Jubilees was a conscious synthesis of Enochic and Mosaic tradition, yet remaining autonomous from both. Some asserted that Jubilees was essentially a Mosaic text with some Enochic influence. And others questioned the very existence of a gulf between Enochic and Mosaic traditions as competing forms of Judaism at the time of Jubilees. Gabriele Boccaccini and Giovanni Ibba have carefully collected the countervailing views into this volume. Contributors: Veronika Bachmann, Kelley Coblentz Bautch, Jonathan Ben-Dov, John Bergsma, Gabriele Boccaccini, Lutz Doering, John C. Endres, Esther Eshel, William K. Gilders, Lester L. Grabbe, Betsy Halpern-Amaru, Matthias Henze, Martha Himmelfarb, David Jackson, Helge S. Kvanvig, Erik Larson, Hindy Najman, Isaac W. Oliver, Andrei Orlov, Annette Yoshiko Reed, Michael Segal, Lawrence Schiffman, James Scott, Michael Segal, Aharon Shemesh, Loren T. Stuckenbruck, David Suter, James VanderKam, Jacques van Ruiten, Benjamin Wright.