OXFORD STUDIES IN MODERN EUROPEAN HISTORY General Editors simondixon,markmazower, and james retallack This page intentionally left blank Enlightened Metropolis Constructing Imperial Moscow, 1762–1855 ALEXANDER M. MARTIN 1 3 GreatClarendonStreet,Oxford,OX26DP, UnitedKingdom OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford. ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship, andeducationbypublishingworldwide.Oxfordisaregisteredtrademarkof OxfordUniversityPressintheUKandincertainothercountries #AlexanderM.Martin2013 Themoralrightsoftheauthorhavebeenasserted FirstEditionpublished2013 Impression:1 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedin aretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withoutthe priorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress,orasexpresslypermitted bylaw,bylicenceorundertermsagreedwiththeappropriatereprographics rightsorganization.Enquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethescopeofthe aboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment,OxfordUniversityPress,atthe addressabove Youmustnotcirculatethisworkinanyotherform andyoumustimposethissameconditiononanyacquirer BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Dataavailable ISBN 978–0–19–960578–1 PrintedinGreatBritainby MPGBooksGroup,BodminandKing’sLynn To Laurie, Jeffrey, and Nicole This page intentionally left blank Acknowledgments Thisbookhasbeenintheworkssincethelate1990s.Mydissertation,completed afewyearsearlier,hadbeenastudyofRussianpoliticalandintellectualhistoryin theeraoftheNapoleonicWars.Forthisnewproject,Iwantedtostayinthesame periodbutworkonatopicthatengagedmoredirectlytheeverydayexperienceof average people in imperial Russia. The project took many twists and turns and becamefarmorecomplexthanIinitiallyimagined,andIamgratefultoallthose whohaveassistedmealongtheway. MyresearchandwritingweremadepossiblebyfellowshipsfromtheNational EndowmentfortheHumanities,theAmericanCouncilsforInternationalEdu- cation(ACTR/ACCELS),theNationalCouncilforEurasianandEastEuropean Research, the American Philosophical Society, and the American Council of LearnedSocieties.IalsoreceivedgenerousfundingfromOglethorpeUniversity, theNanovicInstituteforEuropeanStudiesattheUniversityofNotreDame,and theInstituteforScholarshipintheLiberalArtsattheUniversityofNotreDame. Parts of Chapter7 were earlier published as “Urban Encounters: The Estate System in Everyday Life in 1820s Moscow,” in Cahiers du monderusse, 51/2–3 (April–September2010):329–51. Many people have generously helped me as I worked on this project. I am gratefulfortheirsupportandtheirinsights;theyhelpedmakethisamuchbetter book.PortionsofthebookwerereadbyChristopherHamlin,JanetM.Hartley, Nathaniel Knight, Olga Maiorova, Donna Tussing Orwin, Alison K. Smith, Susan Smith-Peter, Elena Vishlenkova, Elise Kimerling Wirtschafter, and three anonymous readers for Oxford University Press. My research began in earnest during a semester in Go¨ttingen in 1999, where Manfred Hildermeier and Doris von der Brelie-Lewien made my family and me feel welcome. I had the opportunity to develop my ideas, and learn from colleagues, at conferences and workshopsinPerm,StPetersburg,Budapest,Voronezh,andSamara,andintalks thatIwasinvitedtogiveovertheyearsatStanford,Princeton,Columbia,andthe universitiesofCologne,Berlin,Bremen,Mu¨nster,andOxford.Asthebooktook shape, chapters were read by the participants of the Midwest Russian History Workshop at East Lansing (2009) and Urbana-Champaign (2010), and, in the HistoryDepartmentatNotreDame,intheDepartmentColloquium(2010)and the European history reading group (2011). Several chapters received a critical reading from the Nanovic Institute’s interdisciplinary discussion group on Cultural Transformations in Modern Europe—Tobias Boes, Julia Douthwaite, Tiago Fernandes, Robert Fishman, Anita McChesney, Thomas Kselman, Pier- paolo Polzonetti, and Lesley Walker. The book owes much to the intellectual viii Acknowledgments encouragement I received from my fellow editors at Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History, my friends in the Study Group on Eighteenth- CenturyRussiaandtheSoutheastWorkshoponRussianHistory,andmyformer colleagues and students at Oglethorpe University as well as my present ones at Notre Dame. Simon Dixon encouraged me to submit the book to Oxford UniversityPress.Toallofthem,Iamgrateful. In one of the very first books that I read for this project, Blagovo’s Rasskazy babushki,ImadeanoteonthefirstpagethatthiswasoursonJeffrey’sfirstdayin preschool.Bynow,heisincollege.Myworkonthisbookhasalsobeenachapter in the life of our family. Jeffrey and Nicole attended school in Germany and RussiaandtookthetrainacrossSiberia.Laurie,whenshewasn’tdealingwiththe challengesoffamilylifeinforeigncountries,becameanexpertguidetothesights oftheRussiancapital.Shewaspatientandsupportiveas“thebook”invadedour weekendsandvacations,andthequalityofthefinaldraftowesmuchtoherskill as an editor. To her, Jeffrey, and Nicole, I dedicate this book in love and gratitude. Contents ListofIllustrations xi ListofMaps xii ListofTables xiii ListofAbbreviations xiv Introduction 1 1. TheEnlightenedMetropolisandtheImperialSocialProject 11 Catherine’sCritiqueofMoscow 14 BuildingtheEnlightenedMetropolis 18 TheImperialSocialProject 24 Catherine’sReformsofUrbanSociety 28 Conclusion 35 2. SpaceandTimeintheEnlightenedMetropolis 36 UrbanSpaceandtheBuiltEnvironment 37 Smell,Hygiene,andWater 43 MoscowNights 51 Conclusion 64 3. EnvisioningtheEnlightenedMetropolis:ImagesofMoscow underCatherineII 66 TheRussianEnlightenment 66 Cartography 70 HistoryandStatistics 76 TheGraphicArts 86 Conclusion 95 4. Barbarism,Civility,Luxury:WritingaboutMoscow inthe1790s–1820s 97 WesternApproachestoWritingaboutCities 97 WesternImpressionsofMoscow 108 KaramzinandSentimentalism 116 KaramzinandtheCity 119 TheLuxuryDebate 127 MalinovskiiandBatiushkov 134 Conclusion 138