ENHANCING COMMUNITY LIVING STANDARDS THROUGH ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND BUSINESS SKILLS TRAININGS A CASE OF POSITIVE CHANGE FOUNDATION MANZESE DARAJANI ABDULAZIZ SANGWA A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTERS IN COMMUNITY ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE OPEN UNIVERSITY OF TANZANIA 2013 ii SUPERVISOR’S CERTIFICATION I, the undersigned, certify that I have read and hereby recommend for acceptance by The Open University Tanzania, a project titled “Enhancing Community Living Standards Through Entrepreneurship and Business Skills Trainings: A Case Of Positive Change Foundation- Manzese Darajani ” in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the degree of Masters in Community Economic Development (MCED) of the Open University of Tanzania. ................................................. Dr. William Pallangyo (Supervisor) ....................................... Date iii COPYRIGHT No part of this dissertation may be reproduced, stored in any retrieval system, or transmitted in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without prior written permission of the author or the Open University of Tanzania in that behalf. iv DECLARATION I, Abdulaziz Sangwa, do hereby declare to the Senate of the Open University of Tanzania that this dissertation is my original except for quotations and summaries which have been duly acknowledged. The project has not been concurrently submitted to any other colleges or universities for academic credit. …………………… Signature …………………… Date v DEDICATION I lovingly dedicate this dissertation to my life partner Chloe McKeever, who supported me each step of the way. Without her tolerance during the time of my studies, I wouldn’t have achieved this. Thank you sweetheart. vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my heartfelt appreciation and sincere gratitude to my supervisor Dr. William Pallangyo, for his continuous encouragement, excellent comments and invaluable help and guidance during the whole period of writing this project report. Without his limitless instructions, this paper wouldn’t have been done properly. I would like to acknowledge the full commitment of Dr. Felician Mutasa to ensure students achieve their goals. He constantly offered guidance even though he wasn’t my line supervisor. For that I say thank you. I would also like to extend my special thanks to the community of Manzese for their sincere cooperation I barely anticipated. Many thanks to the chairperson of Positive Change Foundation and the other members for accepting and hosting my project. I can’t even imagine how difficult the project would be to implement without their full participation. I also express my appreciation to the development stakeholders and organizations that had an impact on the project. These stakeholders include ward and local government officials who authorized and participated in the project and AMREF, Restless Development, United Planet, Advans bank and Access bank for their cooperation which included mentoring project beneficiaries. Their involvement increased community trust and accountability. Once again, I say thank you a million times to all who worked with me to accomplish my project. Your assistance is highly recognised and valued. God bless you all. vii ABSTRACT The project was implemented in Manzese and it started with a participatory community needs assessment (CNA). This assessment aimed to identify strengths and weaknesses of the ward. The sample for the study was randomly and purposively selected where by 80 respondents had both full participation and control of the whole exercise. A thorough field research as well as library research which include reading and reviewing text books, internet materials, journals, pamphlets and newspapers, were used to collect primary and secondary data. The study employed four research methods namely Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), in-depth interviews, questionnaires and a participatory observation to gather information which was analysed by using qualitative and quantitative data analysis methods. The project’s main goal was to “enhance young people’s abilities to take up productive livelihoods and employment opportunities that contribute to their fight against income poverty”. The project main objective was “to reduce income poverty among young people by increasing economic security by the end of the project, through the provision of entrepreneurship and business training”. In the monitoring and evaluation exercise, 50 households and the members of PCF participated. These respondents participated in FGDs, key informant interviews, observation and questionnaire interviews. This project was also pre-tested for sustainability purposes and it was proven to be sustainable. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS CERTIFICATION ................................................................................................. ii COPYRIGHT ........................................................................................................ iii DECLARATION ................................................................................................... iv DEDICATION ........................................................................................................ v ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .................................................................................... vi ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................... vii LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................... xiv LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................. xv LIST OF APPENDICES ..................................................................................... xvi LIST OF ABBREVIATION AND ACRONYMS ............................................ xvii CHAPTER ONE…………………………………………………………………….1 1.0 PARTICIPATORY NEEDS ASSESSMENT ................................................ 1 1.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Community Profile of Manzese ...................................................................... 2 1.2.1 Location ....................................................................................................... 3 1.2.2 Climate and Precipitation............................................................................. 3 1.2.3 Population .................................................................................................... 3 1.2.4 Communication and Transportation ............................................................ 4 1.2.5 Financial Services ........................................................................................ 4 ix 1.2.6 Education Services ....................................................................................... 4 1.2.7 Security ........................................................................................................ 5 1.2.8 Entertainment ............................................................................................... 6 1.2.9 Markets ........................................................................................................ 6 1.2.10 Ethnicity ..................................................................................................... 6 1.2.11 Administrative Structure ............................................................................ 7 1.3 Community Needs Assessment ...................................................................... 7 1.3.1 Research Main Objective ............................................................................. 8 1.3.2 Specific Objectives ...................................................................................... 8 1.4 Research Questions ......................................................................................... 8 1.4.1 Research Methodology ................................................................................ 9 1.4.2 Research Design .......................................................................................... 9 1.4.3 Sampling Techniques ................................................................................. 10 1.4.4 Data Collection Methods ........................................................................... 10 1.4.5 Research Methods ...................................................................................... 11 1.4.6 Data Analysis Methods .............................................................................. 13 1.5 Data Analysis and Presentation ........................................................................ 13 1.5.1 Quantitative Findings ................................................................................. 13 1.5.2 Qualitative Findings ................................................................................... 18 1.6 Community Needs Prioritization .................................................................. 21 x 1.7 Chapter Conclusion....................................................................................... 22 CHAPTER TWO…………………………………………………………………..23 2.0 PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION ................................................................... 23 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 23 2.2 Problem Statement ........................................................................................ 25 2.3 Project Description ....................................................................................... 26 2.3.1 Physical Location of the Project ................................................................ 27 2.3.2 Target Community ..................................................................................... 28 2.3.3 Stakeholders ............................................................................................... 28 2.3.4 Project Goal ............................................................................................... 30 2.3.5 Researcher’s Roles and Responsibilities in the Group .............................. 33 2.3.6 Group Objectives ....................................................................................... 34 2.3.7 Group Challenges ...................................................................................... 34 2.4 Summary ....................................................................................................... 34 CHAPTER THREE………………………………………………………………..36 3.0 LITERATURE REVIEW .............................................................................. 36 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................... 36 3.2 Theoretical Literature Review ...................................................................... 36 3.2.1 Theories of Unemployment ....................................................................... 37 3.2.2 Theories on Economy ................................................................................ 38