Enhancing Cognitive Functioning and Brain Plasticity Human Kinetics Aging, Exercise, and Cognition Series VoLumE 3 Leonard W. Poon, PhD Waneen W. Spirduso, EdD Wojtek Chodzko-Zajko, PhD SEriES EDitorS Enhancing Cognitive Functioning and Brain Plasticity Wojtek Chodzko-Zajko, PhD University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Arthur F. Kramer, PhD University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Leonard W. Poon, PhD University of Georgia EDitorS Human Kinetics Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Enhancing cognitive functioning and brain plasticity / Wojtek Chodzko-Zajko, Arthur F. Kramer, Leonard W. Poon, editors. p. ; cm. -- (Aging, exercise, and cognition series ; v. 3) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-7360-5791-2 (hard cover) ISBN-10: 0-7360-5791-9 (hard cover) 1. Cognition--Effect of exercise on. 2. Exercise--Psychological aspects. 3. Neuroplasticity. 4. Cognition in old age. I. Chodzko-Zajko, Wojtek J. II. Kramer, Arthur F. III. Poon, Leonard W., 1942- IV. Series: Aging, exercise, and cognition series ; v. 3. [DNLM: 1. Aging--physiology. 2. Cognition--physiology. 3. Aged. 4. Brain--physiology. 5. Exercise. 6. Neuronal Plasticity--physiology. WT 145 E58 2009] BF311.E54 2009 155.67'13--dc22 2009013298 ISBN-10: 0-7360-5791-9 (print) ISBN-10: 0-7360-8542-4 (Adobe PDF) ISBN-13: 978-0-7360-5791-2 (print) ISBN-13: 978-0-7360-8542-7 (Adobe PDF) Copyright © 2009 by Wojtek Chodzko-Zajko, Arthur Kramer, and Leonard W. Poon All rights reserved. Except for use in a review, the reproduction or utilization of this work in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including xerography, photocopying, and recording, and in any information storage and retrieval system, is forbidden without the written permission of the publisher. Chapter 2: The Effects of the Cognitive Complexity of Occupational Conditions and Leisure- Time Activities on the Intellectual Functioning of Older Adults by Carmi Schooler was written as part of Ms. Schooler’s work with the National Institutes of Health and as such is considered public domain and not subject to copyright. Acquisitions Editor: Judy Patterson Wright, PhD; Managing Editor: Lee Alexander; Copyeditor: Joyce Sexton; Proofreader: Kathy Bennett; Indexer: Joan K. Griffitts; Per- mission Manager: Dalene Reeder; Graphic Designer: Nancy Rasmus; Graphic Artist: Dawn Sills; Cover Designer: Bob Ruether; Art Manager: Kelly Hendren; Associate Art Manager: Alan L. Wilborn; Illustrator: Alan L. Wilborn; Printer: Thomson-Shore, Inc. Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 The paper in this book is certified under a sustainable forestry program. Human Kinetics Web site: www.HumanKinetics.com United States: Human Kinetics Australia: Human Kinetics P.O. Box 5076 57A Price Avenue Champaign, IL 61825-5076 Lower Mitcham, South Australia 5062 800-747-4457 08 8372 0999 e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] Canada: Human Kinetics New Zealand: Human Kinetics 475 Devonshire Road Unit 100 Division of Sports Distributors NZ Ltd. Windsor, ON N8Y 2L5 P.O. Box 300 226 Albany 800-465-7301 (in Canada only) North Shore City e-mail: [email protected] Auckland Europe: Human Kinetics 0064 9 448 1207 107 Bradford Road e-mail: [email protected] Stanningley Leeds LS28 6AT, United Kingdom +44 (0) 113 255 5665 e-mail: [email protected] ContEntS Contributors vii Preface ix ChAPtEr 1 Brain Imaging Probes Into the Cognitive and Physiological Effects of Aging 1 Monica Fabiani and Gabriele Gratton ChAPtEr 2 the Effects of the Cognitive Complexity of Occupational Conditions and Leisure-time Activities on the Intellectual Functioning of Older Adults 15 Carmi Schooler, PhD ChAPtEr 3 Enhancing Cognitive Function in Older Adults 35 Michelle L. Meade and Denise C. Park, PhD ChAPtEr 4 A Contextual Approach to Aging and Expertise 49 Daniel G. Morrow ChAPtEr 5 Exercise Effects on Learning and Neural Systems 61 Brenda J. Anderson, PhD; Daniel P. McCloskey; Nefta A. Mitchell; and Despina A. Tata ChAPtEr 6 Physical Activity and Neurocognitive Function Across the Life Span 85 Charles H. Hillman, PhD; Sarah M. Buck; and Jason R. Themanson v Contents ChAPtEr 7 Effects of Acute Exercise on Event-related Brain Potentials 111 Keita Kamijo, PhD ChAPtEr 8 Effects of hormone replacement therapy on the Brains of Postmenopausal Women: A review of human Neuroimaging Studies 133 Kirk I. Erickson, PhD; and Donna L. Korol Chapter 9 Physical Activity Programming to Promote Cognitive Function: Are We ready for Prescription? 159 Jennifer L. Etnier, PhD references 177 index 229 About the Editors 234 vi ContriButorS Brenda J. Anderson, PhD Donna L. Korol Department of Psychology and the Department of Psychology, university Program in neuroscience, SunY of illinois at urbana-Champaign Stony Brook Daniel P. McCloskey Sarah M. Buck Department of Psychology, City uni- Department of Health, Physical Edu- versity of new York, Staten island cation, and recreation, Chicago State Michelle L. Meade university Department of Psychology, montana Kirk I. Erickson, PhD State university Department of Psychology, university Nefta A. Mitchell of illinois at urbana-Champaign Department of Psychology, SunY Jennifer L. Etnier, PhD Stony Brook Department of Exercise and Sport Daniel G. Morrow Science, university of north Carolina institute of Aviation, university of at Greensboro illinois at urbana-Champaign Monica Fabiani Denise C. Park, PhD Beckman institute and Psychology School of Behavioral and Brain Sci- Department, university of illinois at ences, university of texas at Dallas urbana-Champaign Carmi Schooler, PhD Gabriele Gratton national institutes of Health, Depart- Beckman institute and Psychology ment of Health and Human Services Department, university of illinois at Despina A. tata urbana-Champaign Department of Psychology, Aristotle Charles h. hillman, PhD university of thessaloniki Department of Kinesiology and Com- Jason r. themanson munity Health, university of illinois Department of Psychology, illinois at urbana-Champaign Wesleyan university Keita Kamijo, PhD institute for Human Science and Biomedical Engineering, national institute of Advanced industrial Sci- ence and technology vii PrEFACE this volume is the third of a series of edited books that examine the complex role of exercise and physical activity in cognitive functioning of older adults from a variety of perspectives. the first volume in the series provided a review of exercise and cognition issues in general and sum- marized information about the physiological mechanisms relevant to the understanding of cognitive changes that occur among older adults (Poon, Chodzko-Zajko, & tomporowski, 2006). the second volume addressed mediating and moderating processes that produce individual variations in the impact of exercise on cognition (Spirduso, Poon, & Chodzko-Zajko, 2007). this third and final volume deals with both exercise and nonexer- cise interventions that have been shown to influence cognitive and brain plasticity in older human and nonhuman animals. in all three volumes, researchers and practitioners who are skilled in exercise, cognition, aging, neurological or biological mechanisms, or more than one of these areas came together to discuss these processes and then wrote chapters for the volumes. it is interesting to note that few authors are experts in all domains, and the goals of the chapters are to encourage synergy in addressing the complex issues involved in exercise, physical activities, and cognition in old age. in Volume three, the first chapter by Fabiani and Gratton sets the stage for later chapters by briefly describing theories of cognitive aging that have, for the most part, been developed on the basis of behavioral data. the authors then describe how a variety of complementary neuroimag- ing measures, including event-related brain potentials, positron emission tomography, functional magnetic resonance imaging, and event-related optical imaging, have been used to both test and extend theories of cog- nitive aging. they also focus on how these neuroimaging measures have been used to study individual differences in cognition and brain function particularly with regard to adult aging. they conclude with a prescription for future research that focuses on the study of adult aging from both psychological and neuroscience perspectives. the next three chapters focus on the influence of cognitive training, intellectual engagement (including cognitively complex work and leisure activities), and expertise effects on the improvement and maintenance of selective and general aspects of cognition throughout adulthood. in the ix