ENGLISH REBELS AND REVOLUTIONARIES EEnngglliisshh__RReebbeellss__aanndd__RReevvoolluuttiioonnaarriieess__FFiinnaall..iinndddd 11 2244--0033--22002222 1188::4444::0033 Dedicated to Alexa Garrod EEnngglliisshh__RReebbeellss__aanndd__RReevvoolluuttiioonnaarriieess__FFiinnaall..iinndddd 22 2244--0033--22002222 1188::4444::0033 ENGLISH REBELS AND REVOLUTIONARIES STEPHEN BASDEO WITH ESSAYS BY ANNE ANDERSON, STEPHEN BASDEO, DI DRUMMOND, ANGELO CALFO, FRANCES CHIU, SHELDON GOLDFARB, ALEXANDER KAUFMAN, REBECCA NESVET, SAM QUILL, AND JOSEPH SAUNDERS EEnngglliisshh__RReebbeellss__aanndd__RReevvoolluuttiioonnaarriieess__FFiinnaall..iinndddd 33 2244--0033--22002222 1188::4444::0044 First published in Great Britain in 2022 by PEN AND SWORD HISTORY An imprint of Pen & Sword Books Ltd Yorkshire - Philadelphia Copyright © Stephen Basdeo, 2022 ISBN: 978 1 52678 590 9 The right of Stephen Basdeo to be identified as Author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission from the Publisher in writing. Typeset in Times New Roman 10/12 by SJmagic DESIGN SERVICES, India. Printed and bound in the UK by CPI Group (UK) Ltd. Pen & Sword Books Ltd incorporates the Imprints of Pen & Sword Books Archaeology, Atlas, Aviation, Battleground, Discovery, Family History, History, Maritime, Military, Naval, Politics, Railways, Select, Transport, True Crime, Fiction, Frontline Books, Leo Cooper, Praetorian Press, Seaforth Publishing, Wharncliffe and White Owl. For a complete list of Pen & Sword titles please contact PEN & SWORD BOOKS LIMITED 47 Church Street, Barnsley, South Yorkshire, S70 2AS, England E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.pen-and-sword.co.uk Or PEN AND SWORD BOOKS 1950 Lawrence Rd, Havertown, PA 19083, USA E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.penandswordbooks.com EEnngglliisshh__RReebbeellss__aanndd__RReevvoolluuttiioonnaarriieess__FFiinnaall..iinndddd 44 2244--0033--22002222 2200::5522::4433 Contents List of Contributors vii Introduction x SECTION ONE: THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD The Peasants’ Revolt of 1381 2 Stephen Basdeo The Gentlemen of the Jack Cade Rebellion 24 Alexander L. Kaufman SECTION TWO: THE ENGLISH REVOLUTION Oliver Cromwell and John Lilburne 40 Sheldon Goldfarb The Levellers 51 Joseph Saunders Sects and Dissenters of the English Revolution 73 Joseph Saunders SECTION THREE: THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY Thomas Paine 96 Frances Chiu Radicalism in the Mid-to-Late Eighteenth Century 124 Stephen Basdeo EEnngglliisshh__RReebbeellss__aanndd__RReevvoolluuttiioonnaarriieess__FFiinnaall..iinndddd 55 2244--0033--22002222 1188::4444::0055 English Rebels and Revolutionaries Mary Wollstonecraft 138 Rebecca Nesvet SECTION FOUR: THE NINETEENTH CENTURY The Peterloo Massacre 156 Sam Quill The “Great” Reform Act of 1832 171 Stephen Basdeo Chartism 175 Rebecca Nesvet Politics in “The Age of Equipoise” 194 Angelo Calfo and Stephen Basdeo William Morris: From Design Reform to Radical Politics 207 Anne Anderson The British Campaign for ‘Votes for Women’, 1865-1928 239 Di Drummond Epilogue 256 Select Bibliography 264 Index of Names 266 vi EEnngglliisshh__RReebbeellss__aanndd__RReevvoolluuttiioonnaarriieess__FFiinnaall..iinndddd 66 2244--0033--22002222 2211::1166::5511 List of Contributors With a first degree in archaeology and a PhD in English, Anne Anderson was a senior lecturer in Art and Design History at Southampton Solent University for fourteen years. She has curated three national exhibitions: The Truth About Faeries (2011), Under the Greenwood: Picturing the British Tree (2013) and Beyond the Brotherhood: the Pre- Raphaelite Legacy (2019-20). Anne has held several prestigious American fellowships including Fellow of the Huntington Library, CA and Fellow of the Henry Francis DuPont Winterthur Library and Museum. A tutor for the V&A Learning Academy, Anne specialises in Art Nouveau and the Arts and Crafts movement. Her career as an international speaker has taken her all over the world. Her recent books include Edward Burne-Jones (2018) and Beyond the Brotherhood: the Pre-Raphaelite Legacy (2019). Her book on Art Nouveau Architecture will be published in 2020. Stephen Basdeo completed his PhD in 2017 and specializes in the history of medieval outlaws and rebels. Recent publications include The Life and Legend of a Rebel Leader: Wat Tyler (2018), The History of the Most Noted Highwaymen, Rogues, and Murderers (2018), and Robin Hood: The Life and Legend of an Outlaw (2019). Recent academic articles include commentaries on the life and work of the radical Victorian journalist and crime novelist G.W.M. Reynolds (1814–79). At the time of writing, Basdeo is also writing a monograph on Reynolds’s political philosophy. Stephen lives in Leeds and is owned by a cat named Robin, named after Robin Hood. Stephen has also collaborated on another chapter in this collection with Angelo Calfo, a BA student whose essay, while he took one of Stephen’s classes at Richmond University, forms the basis of the chapter titled ‘Politics in the Age of Equipoise’. Frances Chiu teaches history and literature at The New School, a university located in New York City. She has published in Eighteenth-century Life, Notes and Queries, and Romanticism on the Net. She has also prepared the first modern editions of Ann Radcliffe’s Gaston de Blondeville and J. Sheridan LeFanu’s Rose and the Key for Valancourt Books. More recently, she has published Paine’s Rights of Man (Routledge, May 2020), the first full-length study of that classic text. She is currently working on a monograph for Manchester University Press, Reading the Gothic: Matthew Lewis’ Monk. Chiu is an advisory editor for Anthem Press Gothic Studies and for the new MUP Reading the Gothic series. Not least, she is the dedicated servant of two shaded silver Persian cats, Sir Charles Fox and Duchess Georgiana, known simply as Charlie and Georgie. vii EEnngglliisshh__RReebbeellss__aanndd__RReevvoolluuttiioonnaarriieess__FFiinnaall..iinndddd 77 2244--0033--22002222 1188::4444::0055 English Rebels and Revolutionaries Di Drummond was formerly Reader in Modern History in the Leeds Centre for Victorian Studies, Leeds Trinity University. Her chapter in this book stems from her teaching a module, ‘Votes for Women’, an exploration of the campaign for female suffrage in Britain, 1866-1918, for over twenty years. Best known for her publications on railways (e.g. Tracing Your Railway Ancestors, Pen and Sword, 2010 and Crewe: Railway Town, Company and People, Scolar Press, Aldershot, 1995), Di also made a significant contribution to a history of the University of Birmingham. Publications since retirement include; ‘Borders and Margins? The Formation of Discourses on race, imperialism, and British overseas railway building, 1830-1930’, Amina Alyal, Susan Anderson and Rosemary Mitchell (eds.), Victorian Cultures of Liminality: Borders and Margins (Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2018) and ‘Pure and Applied Science at the University of Birmingham’, in J. Mussell and G. Gooday (eds.), A Pioneer of Connection: Recovering the Life and Work of Oliver Lodge (University of Pittsburgh Press, 2020). Di gained her PhD from Royal Holloway, University of London, some point during the last century! She continued in academia in order to keep various cats in the manner to which they were accustomed! Thanks to husband Ian for all his love and support in enabling her to do that, and in writing this chapter. Sheldon Goldfarb is the Archivist for the Alma Mater Society at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver. He has published academic work on William Makepeace Thackeray, a historical novel that was nominated for a Canadian crime writing award, and a history of student life (including student protests) at UBC. His most recent work has been on Sherlock Holmes, but long ago before his graduate degrees in English literature, he pursued the history of the English Civil War, studying in Manchester with Brian Manning, a student of Christopher Hill’s. Alexander L. Kaufman is the Reed D. Voran Distinguished Professor of Humanities and Professor of English at Ball State University where he teaches in the Honors College. He is the author of The Historical Literature of the Jack Cade Rebellion (Ashgate 2009; repr. Routledge, 2016), co-editor of Telling Tales and Crafting Books: Essays in Honor of Thomas H. Ohlgren (Medieval Institute Publication, 2016), Robin Hood and the Outlaw/ ed Literary Canon (Routledge, 2019) and Food and Feast in Modern Outlaw Tales (Routledge, 2019), and editor of British Outlaws of Literature and History: Essays on Medieval and Early Modern Figures from Robin Hood to Twm Shon Catty (McFarland, 2011) and The Jack Cade Rebellion of 1450: A Sourcebook (Lexington, 2020). He co- founded the journal The Bulletin of the International Association for Robin Hood Studies and also serves as co-administrator for the scholarly blog Robin Hood Scholars: IARHS on the Web. He is also a general editor of the series Outlaws in Literature, History, and Culture for Routledge Publishing. His research and teaching interests include outlaws from the medieval period to the present day, the Robin Hood tradition, historical writing and medieval chronicles, Chaucer, Arthuriana, and medievalisms. Rebecca Nesvet, Associate Professor of English, University of Wisconsin, Green Bay, writes about Romantic and Victorian literature. She has published in journals viii EEnngglliisshh__RReebbeellss__aanndd__RReevvoolluuttiioonnaarriieess__FFiinnaall..iinndddd 88 2244--0033--22002222 1188::4444::0055 List of Contributors including Nineteenth Century Studies, Victorian Popular Fictions Journal, Victorian Network, Notes and Queries, Scholarly Editing: The Journal of the Association for Documentary Editing, The Keats-Shelley Journal, and Women’s Writing, and anthologies on Oscar Wilde, Rousseau and British Romanticism, Mary Hays, and the teaching of Victorian literature in the twenty-first century. Her current and forthcoming projects concern James Malcolm Rymer’s penny serials Varney, the Vampyre, The Lady in Black, and A Mystery in Scarlet; Oscar Wilde’s friend Julia Constance Fletcher; Victorian vegetarians; and Jane Williams, player of ‘Shelley’s guitar’. Sam Quill received his PhD in 2019 from Queen Mary University of London. A musician and scholar of Romanticism, he completed a thesis on Romantic literature, Percy Bysshe Shelley, and philosophical necessity, titled ‘The Question of Cause: Influence, Necessity and Change in Radical Thought and Romantic Poetics’. He has also published poetry in PN Review and The Next Review. Joseph Saunders has a postgraduate degree from the University of Glasgow, where he wrote his thesis on the English print trade in the era of the Civil War. His research interests include the middling and lower sorts of early modern England, particularly the printers and booksellers of seventeenth century London. He is also interested in the reception of print amongst ordinary people and the relationship between print and popular culture. A long-standing desire is to find out what drove men to fight and die in the Civil War and to advocate for our understanding of this important period in English history. Joseph has been a tour guide and is a freelance historical researcher. He works mainly on genealogies and house histories but has investigated medieval castles, the lives of First World War soldiers and everything in between. Most recently, he has been working on a seventeenth century house in the Yorkshire Dales. Born and raised in Essex, he currently lives in the Pennines with his family and dogs. ix EEnngglliisshh__RReebbeellss__aanndd__RReevvoolluuttiioonnaarriieess__FFiinnaall..iinndddd 99 2244--0033--22002222 1188::4444::0055