English Literary Sexology Translations of Inversion, 1860–1930 Heike Bauer PalgraveStudiesinNineteenth-CenturyWritingandCulture GeneralEditor:JosephBristow,ProfessorofEnglish,UCLA EditorialAdvisoryBoard: HilaryFraser, BirkbeckCollege, UniversityofLondon; JosephineMcDonagh, LinacreCollege, UniversityofOxford; YopiePrins, Uni- versity of Michigan; Lindsay Smith, University of Sussex; Margaret D. Stetz, UniversityofDelaware;JennyBourneTaylor,UniversityofSussex PalgraveStudiesinNineteenth-CenturyWritingandCultureisanewmonographseries thataimstorepresentthemostinnovativeresearchonliteraryworksthatwerepro- ducedintheEnglish-speakingworldfromthetimeoftheNapoleonicWarstothe findesiècle.Attentivetothehistoricalcontinuitiesbetween‘Romantic’and‘Victo- rian’,theserieswillfeaturestudiesthathelpscholarshiptoreassessthemeaning ofthesetermsduringacenturymarkedbydiversecultural,literary,andpolitical movements. Themainaimoftheseriesistolookattheincreasinginfluenceof typesofhistoricismonourunderstandingofliteraryformsandgenres.Itreflects theshiftfromcriticaltheorytoculturalhistorythathasaffectednotonlytheperiod 1800–1900butalsoeveryfieldwithinthedisciplineofEnglishliterature.Alltitles intheseriesseektoofferfreshcriticalperspectivesandchallengingreadingsofboth canonicalandnon-canonicalwritingsofthisera. Titlesinclude: EitanBar-YosefandNadiaValman(editors) ‘THEJEW’INLATE-VICTORIANANDEDWARDIANCULTURE BetweentheEastEndandEastAfrica HeikeBauer ENGLISHLITERARYSEXOLOGY TranslationsofInversions,1860–1930 LaurelBrakeandJulieF.Codell(editors) ENCOUNTERSINTHEVICTORIANPRESS Editors,Authors,Readers ColetteColligan THETRAFFICINOBSCENITYFROMBYRONTOBEARDSLEY SexualityandExoticisminNineteenth-CenturyPrintCulture DennisDenisoff SEXUALVISUALITYFROMLITERATURETOFILM,1850–1950 LauraE.Franey VICTORIANTRAVELWRITINGANDIMPERIALVIOLENCE LawrenceFrank VICTORIANDETECTIVEFICTIONANDTHENATUREOFEVIDENCE TheScientificInvestigationsofPoe,DickensandDoyle YvonneIvory THEHOMOSEXUALREVIVALOFRENAISSANCESTYLE,1850–1930 JarlathKilleen THEFAITHSOFOSCARWILDE Catholicism,FolkloreandIreland StephanieKudukWeiner REPUBLICANPOLITICSANDENGLISHPOETRY,1789–1874 KirstenMacLeod FICTIONSOFBRITISHDECADENCE HighArt,PopularWritingandtheFindeSiècle DianaMaltz BRITISHAESTHETICISMANDTHEURBANWORKINGCLASSES,1870–1900 CatherineMaxwellandPatriciaPulham(editors) VERNONLEE Decadence,Ethics,Aesthetics MuireannO’Cinneide ARISTOCRATICWOMENANDTHELITERARYNATION,1832–1867 DavidPayne THEREENCHANTMENTOFNINETEENTH-CENTURYFICTION Dickens,Thackeray,GeorgeEliotandSerialization JuliaReid ROBERTLOUISSTEVENSON,SCIENCE,ANDTHEFINDESIÈCLE AnneStiles(Editor) NEUROLOGYANDLITERATURE,1860–1920 CarolineSumpter THEVICTORIANPRESSANDTHEFAIRYTALE AnaParejoVadillo WOMENPOETSANDURBANAESTHETICISM PassengersofModernity PhyllisWeliver THEMUSICALCROWDINENGLISHFICTION,1840–1910 Class,CultureandNation PaulYoung GLOBALIZATIONANDTHEGREATEXHIBITION TheVictorianNewWorldOrder PalgraveStudiesinNineteenth-CenturyWritingandCulture SeriesStandingOrderISBN978-3-333-97700-2(hardback) (outsideNorthAmericaonly) Youcanreceivefuturetitlesinthisseriesastheyarepublishedbyplacingastanding order.Pleasecontactyourbookselleror,incaseofdifficulty,writetousattheaddress belowwithyournameandaddress,thetitleoftheseriesandtheISBNquotedabove. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Bas- ingstoke,HampshireRG216XS,England English Literary Sexology Translations of Inversion, 1860–1930 Heike Bauer ©HeikeBauer2009 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2009 978-0-230-22163-5 Allrightsreserved.Noreproduction,copyortransmissionofthis publicationmaybemadewithoutwrittenpermission. Noportionofthispublicationmaybereproduced,copiedortransmitted savewithwrittenpermissionorinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthe Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,orunderthetermsofanylicence permittinglimitedcopyingissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency, SaffronHouse,6-10KirbyStreet,LondonEC1N8TS. Anypersonwhodoesanyunauthorizedactinrelationtothispublication maybeliabletocriminalprosecutionandcivilclaimsfordamages. Theauthorhasassertedhertobeidentifiedastheauthorofthiswork inaccordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Firstpublished2009by PALGRAVEMACMILLAN PalgraveMacmillanintheUKisanimprintofMacmillanPublishersLimited, registeredinEngland,companynumber785998,ofHoundmills,Basingstoke, HampshireRG216XS. PalgraveMacmillanintheUSisadivisionofStMartin’sPressLLC, 175FifthAvenue,NewYork,NY10010. PalgraveMacmillanistheglobalacademicimprintoftheabovecompanies andhascompaniesandrepresentativesthroughouttheworld. Palgrave®andMacmillan®areregisteredtrademarksintheUnitedStates, theUnitedKingdom,Europeandothercountries. ISBN 978-1-349-30719-7 ISBN 978-0-230-23408-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230234086 Thisbookisprintedonpapersuitableforrecyclingandmadefromfully managedandsustainedforestsources.Logging,pulpingandmanufacturing processesareexpectedtoconformtotheenvironmentalregulationsofthe countryoforigin. AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 Contents ListofFigures vii PrefaceandAcknowledgements viii ANoteonTranslation xi Introduction 1 Sexologyandthehistoryofsexuality 2 Englishliterarysexologyincriticalcontext 8 Sexualbody/textualbody:translationsofinversion 15 FromKarlHeinrichUlrichstoRadclyffeHall 18 1 DiscipliningSexandSubject:Translation,Biography andtheEmergenceofSexologyinGermany 21 Nationformationandthetheorisationof maleinversion:KarlHeinrichUlrichs 23 Theformationofascientiasexualisandthemarginalisation ofthefemaleinvertinEnglish:RichardvonKrafft-Ebing 30 Beyondtheinvertintheinstitutionofsexology: MagnusHirschfeld 42 Textualcorpus/sexualbody 50 2 HowToImagineSexuality?:EnglishSexologyand theLiteraryTradition 52 EnglishSexologyandGermantranslation:thecase ofSexualInversion 54 Theprivilegeofmaleinversion:JohnAddingtonSymonds 58 HavelockEllisandtheliteraryinstitutionofsex 66 Sexualtheory,socialreform:EdwardCarpenter’s radicalsexology 73 Englishliterarysexology 79 v vi Contents 3 WhenSexIsGender:FeministInversion andtheLimitsofSame-SexTheory 82 Inversionandthedegenerationofthe‘race’: OliveSchreiner’sStoryofanAfricanFarm(1883) 86 ‘Germansuggestedideastome’:sexualknowledge andanti-inversioninSarahGrand’sTheHeavenly Twins(1893) 95 ‘Toliveasmenlive’:EdithEllis’Attainment (1909) 103 Feministinverts 110 4 StephenGordonSuper-Invert:TheSexologyof RadclyffeHall 112 Method,experienceandfemaleinversion 114 Thegenderofsexologicalauthority 120 Sexologyapplied 124 StephenGordonsuper-invert 127 Whoisafraidofthefemaleinvert?:contemporaryreactions 133 Thefemaleinvertspeaksforherself 140 5 Coda 143 Notes 147 Bibliography 181 Index 210 List of Figures 1 [WomanCyclist]Punch,June221895.Reproduced courtesyofBirkbeckCollegeLibrary 13 2 AubreyBeardsley,‘MademoiselledeMaupin’(1898) ©VictoriaandAlbertMuseumLondon (givenbyMichaelHarari) E.416-1872 13 3 ‘PassionateFemaleLiteraryTypes’ Punch,June21894. ReproducedcourtesyofBirkbeckCollegeLibrary 84 4 ‘StStephen’,BeresfordEgan,TheSinkofSolitude (London:HermesPress,1928) 137 vii Preface and Acknowledgements When I was in the final revision stages of this manuscript, the Birkbeck Freud reading group dedicated one of its sessions to the Freud–Jungcorrespondence.Iwasintriguedtofindthatbothpsycho- analysts commented on the German sexologist Magnus Hirschfeld, who is one of the subjects of this book. At the turn of the last cen- turysexresearchwasdominatedtheoreticallyandinstitutionallyby medically-trainedsexologistssuchasHirschfeld,anditiswell-known that psychoanalysis emerged at least partly out of this productive field of investigation. Hirschfeld, one of sexology’s most influential reformers, was instrumental in establishing the first Institute for Sex- ualwissenschaften [Institute for Sexual Sciences] in Berlin, as well as a scholarly journal on homosexuality, Das Jarhbuch für sexuelle Zwi- schenstufen[YearbookforSexualIntermediaries].Freud,whowasstill establishing his psychoanalytical method, was initially keen on the supportofHirschfeldandothersexologists,andhespokefavourably about publishing in the Jahrbuch (Letter to Jung, 29 May, 1908 in Freud and Jung, The Freud–Jung Letters, 1974, pp. 154–5). Jung in contrastwasmorestronglyopposedtosexologicalworkfromtheout- set, issuing, for instance, in a letter to Freud ‘a mild protest at your lavishing your ideas on Hirschfeld or Marcuse or even Moll’ (Jung, Letter to Freud, 12 July 1908, ibid., p. 163). Hirschfeld himself was not convinced by what he called the ‘Freudsche Schule’ [Freudian school]becausehethoughtitwronglyemphasisedthe‘akzidentellen’ [accidental] over the ‘konstitutionellen’ [inborn] causes for homo- sexuality (Hirschfeld, 1984, pp. 199, 341). He nevertheless publicly supported Freud, claiming that Freud was one of those researchers ‘welchedieHomosexuellennichtzudenDegeneriertenrechnen’[who do not consider homosexuals degenerates] (ibid., p. 379). However, when Hirschfeld distanced himself from psychoanalysis following a methodological dispute with Jung, Freud’s reaction is framed in no uncertainterms:‘MagnusHirschfeldhasleftourranksinBerlin’,he writestoJung.‘Nogreatloss,heisaflabby,unappetizingfellow,abso- lutelyincapableoflearninganything.Ofcoursehetakesyourremark at the Congress as a pretext; homosexual touchiness. Not worth a viii PrefaceandAcknowledgements ix tear’ (Freud, Letter to Jung, 2 November 1911, op cit., pp. 453–4). It is no real revelation to find that Freud, like many of his contem- poraries, easily retorted to stereotypes of homosexual degeneracy to discredit his colleague. Intriguingly, however, it became clear from the reaction of my colleagues who tried in vein to find the passage I had read out from my 1974 edition of the correspondence that it had not been included in the revised 1994 edition. And indeed, on further investigation, it became apparent that the shorter 1994 edi- tionsilentlyexcludedsimilarreferencesto‘homosexuality’or‘sexual inversion’(FreudandJung,TheFreud–JungLetters,1994).Wecanonly speculate why these changes occurred, as both texts were translated andeditedbythesameteamwhoclaimedthattheymadenosubstan- tivechangesintranslation.Buttheyreinforceacentralpremiseofthis book: that questions of translation matter for our understanding of howamoderntheoryofsexwasfirstestablished. Issues of translation enable us to map discursive communities. If books can be located within discursive space, then this study is a productofBirkbeck, UniversityofLondon, whichprovidedintellec- tual and financial support at the point of its inception as a doctoral thesisandoncompletionofmyresearchwhenIreturnedtotakeup a Lectureship in English and Gender Studies. I am grateful too for thesupportIreceivedalongthewayfromWorcesterandNottingham TrentUniversities,TheBritishAcademy,TheSirRichardStapleyTrust, The British Federation of Women Graduates and The British Asso- ciation of Victorian Studies. My archival research was aided by the helpfulnessofstaffattheBritishLibrary,theWellcomeInstitute,the BritishLibraryNewspaperLibraryatColindale, theNationalLibrary ofWales,BirkbeckCollegeLibrary,HughOwenLibraryAberystwyth, Bristol University Library, the Bodleian Library Oxford, Schwules MuseumBerlinandSpinnbodenLesbischesArchivBerlin.Earlierver- sionsofpartsofthebookhavebeenpublishedinthe YaleJournalof Criticism,CriticalSurveyandtheJournaloftheHistoryofSexuality.Iam gratefultotheVictoriaandAlbertMuseumandBirkbeckLibraryfor permissiontoreprintthepicturesfromtheircollections. Places come to life through people. It would be impossible to list all the individuals who directly or indirectly shaped my ideas but thefeedback,supportandcollaborativespiritofthefollowingfriends and colleagues left a special imprint: my Doktormutter, Esther Leslie, Isobel Armstrong, Lisa Baraitser, Matt Cook, Rosie Cox, Peter Cryle,