УДК 811.111’276.6:33(075.8) ББК 81.2Англ-3-923 А64 Авторы: Л. Б. Тихомирова, Н. И. Князева, Э. В. Рунцова, Л. В. Хведченя Рецензенты: кандидат филологических наук, доцент МГЛУ Л. И. Макарова; кандидат философских наук, зав. кафедрой бизнес-коммуникаций «Института бизнеса и менеджмента технологий» БГУ И. А. Мамонова; кандидат филологических наук, доцент О. И. Васючкова Под общей редакцией кандидата экономических наук Е. Э. Васильевой Под научной редакцией доктора педагогических наук Л. В. Хведчени Английский для студентов-экономистов = English for Economists : А64 учеб.-метод. пособие / Л. Б. Тихомирова [и др.] ; под общ. ред. Е. Э. Васильевой; под науч. ред. Л. В. Хведчени. – Минск : БГУ, 2011. – 279 с. ISBN 978-985-518-493-6. Учебно-методическое пособие предназначено для профессионально ори- ентированного обучения английскому языку студентов экономических факуль- тетов высших учебных заведений. Содержит учебный материал по основным направлениям экономической науки: макро- и микроэкономики, международной торговли, делового администрирования. Пособие составлено на основе аутен- тичных материалов с использованием адекватных методов обучения различным видам профессионального общения. УДК 811.111’276.6:33(075.8) ББК 81.2Англ-3-923 ISBN 978-985-518-493-6  БГУ, 2011 ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ Пособие «English for Economists» является составной частью учебно- методического комплекса по английскому языку, обеспечивающего курс профессионально ориентированного обучения студентов экономических специальностей (экономика, менеджмент, финансы и кредит, экономиче- ская теория). Оно составлено в соответствии с требованиями «Программы обучения профессионально ориентированному общению на иностранных языках (классические университеты)». Необходимость издания пособия обусловлена тем, что профессиональное иноязычное общение – функционально значимый блок в системе подготов- ки современного экономиста. Открытость границ, процессы интеграции материальной и духовной культуры многих сторон жизни европейского и мирового сообщества, развитие информационных технологий привели к расширению международных связей, созданию совместных предприятий, проектов и других форм сотрудничества. Знание языков международного общения стало важной частью квалификационной характеристики эконо- миста, позволяющей ему качественно выполнять свои функциональные обязанности, открывающей доступ к базе современных научных данных и обеспечивающей конкурентоспособность отечественного специалиста на мировом рынке труда. Тематика пособия согласована с профилирующими кафедрами экономи- ческого факультета БГУ и коррелирует с содержанием специальных дис- циплин, что обеспечивает эффективную адаптацию будущего специалиста к многогранной профессиональной деятельности в условиях межкультурного общения. Широкий охват профессиональной тематики позволяет наиболее полно выделить учебный терминологический словарь, составить представ- ление о социокультурных особенностях функционирования экономических систем в соизучаемых странах. Структура пособия представлена шестью тематическими блоками, ко- торые объединены в разделы. Например, в блок Microeconomics входят разделы Supply and Demand, Market Structure; блок Business Administration включает в себя разделы Company Structure, Management, Accounting, Marketing, Advertising. Каждый раздел – самостоятельный лингвометоди- ческий комплекс, систематизирующий материал по основным видам ре- 3 чевой деятельности. Он имеет унифицированную структуру и состоит из следующих частей: • аутентичных текстов и заданий по развитию навыков различных видов чтения (изучающего, просмотрового, ознакомительного, поискового); • заданий по обучению письму (эссе, аннотирование, реферирование), сфокусированных на индивидуальных потребностях обучаемых, наи- более вероятных в их дальнейшей профессиональной деятельности; • комплекса заданий и упражнений по развитию навыков аудирования и перевода; • заданий для углубления коммуникативной компетенции обучаемых в рамках заданной проблематики, а также ролевых игр, максимально приближенных к реальным профессиональными ситуациям; • анализа проблем экономического характера на основе конкретных примеров деятельности корпораций и частных предпринимателей (сase study); • глоссария и тематического словаря, подлежащего активному усвоению. Предполагается, что комплексное обучение всем видам речевой деятель- ности на тематической основе (content based approach) способствует более глубокому и всестороннему усвоению материала и тем самым достижению главной цели обучения – коммуникативного и социокультурного развития личности, способной использовать иностранный язык как средство про- фессионального общения в диалоге культур: родной и иностранной. 1. PROFESSION OF AN ECONOMIST DISCOVERING CONNECTIONS 1. Can you explain why you have chosen the profession of an economist? 2. Would you like to work for a company, teach economic disciplines at univer- sity or operate your own economic business after graduating from university? 3. Do you think you have entrepreneurial flair or talent? What personal qualities and skills do you think an entrepreneur needs? What sacrifices do you think they have to make in their lives to succeed in business? 4. Would you like, one day, to run your own company, and be ultimately re- sponsible for all aspects of it? READING TEXT 1 As you read the text, focus on different types of economists and their activities. Careers: Economist Economists study the ways in which individuals and society choose to use limited resources, such as natural resources, labour, factories, and machines, in an effort to satisfy unlimited wants. They are concerned with the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services and are interested in helping society to get as much satisfaction as possible from its limited resources. Economists collect, process, and analyze data to determine the costs and benefits of using resources in various ways. Economists are employed in a number of different job settings. About half of them are academic economists, who engage in teaching, writing and doing research in colleges, and Universities. They also write textbooks and journal articles, develop and test new theoretical models, provide consulting services to governments and businesses, and engage in variety of other professional activities. The other half of all economists work for government or business. Government economists collect and analyze information about economic conditions in the nation and possible changes in government economic policies. Much of this information is published in government bulletins and reports. Often the government economist wears a second hat1 as a policy analyst. Economists forecast tax revenues 5 and interest rates, analyze, who gains and who loses from particular changes, monitor prices, compute total output and perform other useful tasks in the public sector. Business economists work for banks, insurance companies, investment companies, manufacturing firms, economic research firms, and management consulting firms. Some economists operate their own economic businesses. They are called entrepreneurs. This is a French word that has been accepted into the English language. Entrepreneurs are a mystery to some people, especially those who are only comfortable with a nine-to-five existence and assured weekly pay-checks and fringe benefits. The entrepreneur is a business person who prefers to take calculated risks in order to be his or her own boss. An individual hoping to start up a new company needs to have entrepreneurial flair or talent, as well as good technical skills and financial skills, because they make a profit through risk-taking or initiative. They are self-employed, and often work long hours for less pay than they would if they were an employee of another company. While the percentage of growth for men entering into business independence could be measured in the teens, women’s increase in a single decade was 69 percent. There is no mystery here. Women go into business for the same reason men do – to make money and to be their own bosses. Entrepreneurship is regarded to be the first track to success. Rather than take a low-wage, big-industry job, people opt2 to use their wits and energy to climb the ladder of independence. People who are successful in business and so have become rich and powerful are called tycoons. Speaking about entrepreneurship, Professor K. Vesper of the University of Washington says, “A driving force in entrepreneurship is addictiveness3. Once people have a taste of freedom in a business of their own, they like it. They don’t want to go back to working for someone else.” Notes: 1 Wear a second hat – занимать вторую должность. 2 Opt – выбирать, предпочитать. 3 Addictiveness – привычка, привыкание. Vocabulary Focus Ex. 1. Study the meaning of the words monitor, check and control, then use them to fill in the gaps. – We check something to see if it is correct. – The word control refers to power and domination. It is both a noun and a verb. – If you monitor something you regularly check its progress. 6 1. I’ve … the documentation and everything is in order. 2. Inflation has not gone away but it is under … . 3. We constantly … the situation and if anything goes wrong we take action immediately. 4. We apologize for the delay which is due to reasons beyond our … . 5. Economists … prices, compute total output and perform other useful tasks. Salary, wages and fringe benefits (also known as perks). – A salary is paid monthly and usually by bank transfer. We use the word salary for monthly payments to professional employees. – Wages are paid weekly to manual or unskilled workers. – Fringe benefits (also known as perks) are extra payments (a company car, free accommodation etc.). – The combination of salary plus perks is called a remuneration package. Complete this extract from a job advertisement. We are offering an attractive … …, including basic … of 60 K p. a1. plus numerous … such as subsidized accommodation, free medical insurance etc. Notes: 1 K p. a. – one thousand per annum. Ex. 2. Complete the table by inserting the missing forms if possible. Noun Verb Adjective / Participle distribution / distributor consume qualify independent engage entrepreneurial satisfaction provide employ 7 Ex. 3. Match the following word combinations in column A with their Russian equivalents in column B. A B 1) academic argument a) приобрести профессию экономиста 2) to provide fringe benefits b) заниматься коммерцией 3) total output c) чисто теоретическое доказательство 4) a private entrepreneur d) доход от налогов, налоговые поступления 5) an independent entrepreneur e) частный предприниматель 6) to show a flair f) процентная ставка 7) to engage in business g) общий объем производства 8) to monitor performance h) обнаруживать способность (к чему-либо) 9) to qualify as an economist i) независимый предприниматель 10) tax revenue j) управлять работой 11) interest rate k) предоставить дополнительные льготы Ex. 4. Express in one word. Involving a greater amount of reading and study than technical or practical work; manufacturing; extra things that some people get from their job in addition to their salary; a person who starts or organizes a commercial enterprise; expenditure on goods and services for final personal use; a natural ability to do sth well; the place of work; to watch and check sth over a period of time; to reach the standard of ability; knowledge required in order to enter a particular profession; working independently for customers or clients and not for an employer; to say in advance what is expected to happen; an amount of money needed for a particular activity or purpose, esp. in business; to make sth available for sb to use by giving it; the act of distributing. Words for reference: costs, production, provide, academic, distribution, entrepreneur, self-employed, perks (fringe benefits), monitor, consumption, forecast, job-setting, flair, qualify, skill. Ex. 5. Choose the words with similar meaning from two columns and arrange them in pairs. A B 1) costs (n) a) supply (v) 2) monitor (v) b) expenses (n) 3) flair (n) c) manufacture (n) 4) forecast (n) d) control/manage (v) 5) provide (v) e) dispense (v) 6) job-setting (n) f) skill/talent (n), 7) liable (a) g) responsible (a) 8) production (n) h) place of work 9) distribute (v) i) prediction (n) 10) consumption (n) j) use (n) 8 Ex. 6. Complete the sentences using the words given below. 1. An … is a person who sets up business and business deals. 2. A … is a person who is successful in business and so has become rich and powerful. 3. The industry will have to pass its increased … on to the consumer. 4. The management will … accommodation, food and drinks for thirty people. 5. He won’t … as an economist until next year. 6. An individual hoping to start up a new company needs to have entrepreneurial … or talent. 7. Unfortunately … of higher profits did not come true. 8. Economists are concerned with the production, … and … of goods and serv- ices. 9. The … … of the job include a car and free health insurance. Words for reference: forecasts, perks or fringe benefits, qualify, flair, entrepreneur, costs, provide, tycoon, distribution, consumption. Comprehension Ex. 1. Expand the sentences. 1. Economists study the ways in which individuals and society choose to use… 2. They are concerned with… 3. About half of them are academic economists who… 4. The other half of all economists work for… 5. Government economists forecast… 6. Business economists work for… 7. Rather than take low-wage, big-industry job, people opt to… 8. An individual hoping to start up a new company needs to have… 9. Entrepreneurship is regarded to be… Ex. 2. Re-order the sentences to make a paragraph with a logical sequence. 1. The entrepreneur has no guarantee that this new business venture will be successful, and often invests his or her own savings in the business, meaning that the entrepreneur needs to be a risk taker. 2. The entrepreneur’s flair or talent ensures that the business becomes successful. 3. An entrepreneur begins with an idea and the forms of a new business. 4. The new organization begins producing goods or services. 9 TEXT 2 Read the text and answer the questions that follow. Get ready to speak on the degrees in economics. Degrees in Economics The amount of training required to become an economist in most countries abroad depends on the type of employment that a potential economist is seek- ing for. A bachelor’s degree (four years of college) with a major in economics, finance and management is sufficient for many entry-level management positions. Most students studying at the university for the first time are undergraduate students (Am. E.) or graduate students (Br. E.). Bachelor’s degrees are generally quali- fications for such entry-level jobs as research assistants, trainee positions for management, or sales positions in most areas and corporations, for example, consulting firms or government departments. A Bachelor’s Degree in Economics teaches the student the fundamentals of economic theory and an understanding of the way that the balance of wealth, labor and products plays out in society. Students learn skills such as using analytical tools necessary to penetrate economic issues and gain an understanding of the way that businesses and markets function around the world. Typical courses for a Bachelor’s Degree in Economics include: • Marketing; • Accounting; • International Business; • Industrial Organization; • Corporate Strategy; • Economic Modeling; • Tax Strategy; • Statistics. As positions increase in the amount of responsibility required, the amount of education required increases as well. Thus, master’s degrees are often needed for higher-level jobs in research or management. Students studying for a Master’s degree are called graduate students (Am. E.) or postgraduate students (Br. E.). The aim of the Master’s Degree program is to train specialists in the various sectors of economics, finance and management. It provides in-depth knowledge of international markets and economic policies, and examines the role played by public institutions and international bodies. Master’s degree programs typi- cally take 1–2 years to complete, depending on the program. Most applicants for economist positions will have an advantage if they have a Master’s degree. The Master of Business Administration Degree (M. B. A.) is a professional degree designed to prepare graduates for managerial roles in business and non- 10 profit organizations. Graduates develop the necessary skills and problem-solving techniques that permit them to make an early contribution to management and eventually to move into broad, general management responsibilities at the ex- ecutive level. However, many top positions require a PhD. It is designed to prepare graduates for careers in the public and private sectors as well as academic institutions. The aim of the PhD program is to equip students with an in-depth knowledge of the core fields of economics as well as provide them with more specialized knowledge of their field of specialization. A doctoral degree typically requires 3–4 years of full-time study to complete after obtaining a master’s degree. A doctoral degree program includes a lengthy dissertation, which involves independent research within the field of study that is usually published upon completion. Questions 1. What degree do undergraduate students study for? 2. What is a second, more specialized degree in economics? 3. What kind of degree is MBA? What is the aim of MBA program? 4. What is the PhD program designed for? 5. What field of activity would you choose: economics or business administra- tion? Give your arguments. TEXT 3 Outstanding Economists Work in groups of three. Look at the outline after the text. Each person should scan one of the articles and take notes in the appropriate section of the outline. Then share information so that you and your partner have the same data and can fill in the outline completely. A. The Founder of Economics Adam Smith was born in Kirkcaldy located to the north of Edinburgh in 1723. In 1740, at the age of seventeen, Smith was sent off to Oxford on scholarship. In 1751 Adam Smith became a professor of Logic at Glasgow. It was his first academic appointment. As a teacher in public he wrote almost nothing, and though at the beginning of a lecture he often hesitated, and seemed not to be sufficiently possessed of the subject, yet in a minute or two he became fluent, 11