ENGLISH   COPULAR     VERBS     A contrastive           corpus-supported     view   Markéta Malá The book English Copular Verbs presents a contrastive view of English copulas and their Czech translation counterparts. Since the repertory of copular verbs is much nar‑ rower in Czech than in English, the trans‑ lation counterparts display a variety of formally divergent means rendering into   Czech the meanings carried by the English copulas, such as the speaker’s epistemic   stance or an evaluation of whether the quality ascribed to the subject by the cop‑ ula is a permanent one. The study shows       how salient translation counterparts can be used as ‘markers of meaning’, making   it possible not only to identify the mean‑ ing of the individual copular verbs but also to trace other, structurally diverse Eng‑     lish constructions which convey the same meaning as the copulas in question. The material is drawn from a bidirectional par‑ allel corpus of Czech and English. Ediční řada Trivium, řídí Daniel Vojtěch ENGLISH COPULAR VERBS A contrastive corpus-supported view Markéta Malá filozofická fakulta univerzity karlovy, 2014 KATALO GIZAC E V K N IZE – NÁRO DNÍ KNIHOVNA ČR Malá, Markéta English copular verbs: a contrastive corpus-supported view / Markéta Malá. – Vyd. 1. – Praha: F ilozofická fa ku lta Univerz ity Karlo v y, 2014. – (Trivium; sv. 5) IS BN 978-80-7308-509-4 8 11.111 * 81‘ 367 .332.8 * 811.162.3‘25 * 81-114 * 81‘322.2 – angličtina – sponová sl ovesa – překlady do češtiny – kontras tivní lingvistika – korpusová lingvistika – monografie – English lang uage – copula – translations into Czech – contrastive linguistics – corp us linguistics – m on ograph s 811.111 – Angličtina [11] 420 – English and Old English (Anglo-Saxon) [11] Acknowledgement This book was written within the Programme for the Development of the Fields of Study at Charles University, No. 10 Linguistics; sub-programme EAnckgnlioshw ilned tgheem Liegnhtt of Synchronic and Diachronic Corpora. REnecelinshzo inva lhy prof. PhDr. Libuše Dušková, DrSc. doc. PhDr. Renata Povolná, Ph.D. ©d Mc aPrhkDétra RMeanlaá, 2 0P1o4v © Univerzita Karlova v Praze, Filozofická fakulta, 2014 V©š eMcharnkaé ptar áMvaa lváy h2r0a1zena   IVSšBeNch 9n7a8 -8rá0v-7a 3v08h-5a0z9e-n4a (print) ISBN 978-80-7308-852-1 (online : pdf) Table of contents List of figures 8 List of tables 10 Abbreviations 14 1. Introduction 15 2. Contrastive research and parallel corpora 18 2.1 Contrastive research and corpus linguistics 18 2.2 Multilingual corpora 24 3. Corpora used in this study 28 3.1 InterCorp 28 3.2 Recognizing (and overcoming) the limitations of a translation corpus 31 3.3 The English-Czech section of InterCorp and the subcorpora used in this study 33 4. Copular verbs 38 4.1 The delimitation of copular verbs 38 4.2 The individual copular verbs 52 4.3 Conclusion 79 5. Translation correspondence 80 5.1 Equivalence and correspondence in translation corpora 80 5.2 Formal correspondence 85 5.3 Divergent vs congruent counterparts 96 5.4 Translation paradigms 98 6. The translation paradigm of copular verbs 100 6.1 Types of correspondence 100 6.2 Synthetic counterparts 104 6.3 Analytic counterparts 105 6.4 Zero counterparts 106 6.5 An overall view of the translation paradigm 107 7. The method 112 7.1 Czech counterparts as markers of meaning 112 7.2 A bidirectional corpus-supported approach 112 8. Resulting copular verbs: become, come, fall, get, go, grow, and turn 115 8.1 Step 1: Formal characteristics of resulting copular verbs 115 8.2 Step 2: The counterparts of resulting copular verbs 127 8.3 Step 3: The counterparts as a starting point: the means of expressing inchoative mutation in English 142 8.4 Conclusion 148 9. Epistemic/sensory-perception copular verbs: appear, seem, feel, look, smell, sound, and taste 150 9.1 Step 1: Formal characteristics of epistemic/sensory-perception copular verbs 150 9.2 Step 2: The counterparts of epistemic/sensory-perception copular verbs 172 9.3 Step 3: The counterparts as a starting point: the means of expressing epistemic evaluation in English 189 9.4 Beyond Step 3 192 9.5 Conclusion 193 10. Copular verbs prove and turn out 196 10.1 Step 1: Formal characteristics of the copular verbs prove and turn out 196 10.2 Step 2: The counterparts of prove and turn out 202 10.3 Step 3: The counterparts of prove and turn out as a starting point: the limitations of the method 209 10.4 Conclusion 211 11. Durative copular verbs: keep, remain and stay 214 11.1 Step 1: Formal characteristics of the copular verbs keep, remain and stay 214 11.2 Step 2: The counterparts of keep, remain and stay 219 11.3 Step 3: The counterparts of keep, remain and stay as a starting point: further limitations of the method 225 11.4 Conclusion 226 12. Conclusions 234 Sources and references 242 Index 251 Resumé 253 List of Figures 3.1 The composition of the core of the English-Czech section of InterCorp 3.2 The sub-corpora of InterCorp and the supplementary corpora used in the present study 4.1 The copula → lexical verb gradient 4.2 The distribution of seem in the British National Corpus 4.3 The most frequent forms of the predicative complement of seem in fic- tion and academic prose 4.4 Frequency (pmw) of the construction appear + adjective/to-infinitive in the BNC 4.5 The most frequent forms of the predicative complement of appear in fiction and academic prose 4.6 Frequency (pmw) of the constructions prove + adjective/to-infinitive, and turn out + adjective/to-infinitive in the BNC 4.7 Relative frequency (pmw) of the constructions ‘sensory copula + adjecti- ve’ in the BNC 4.8 Relative frequency (pmw) of the constructions ‘keep/remain/stay + ad- jective’ in the BNC 4.9 Relative frequency (pmw) of the constructions ‘become/get + adjective’ in the BNC 4.10 Relative frequency (pmw) of the constructions ‘resulting copula come/ fall/go/grow/turn + adjective’ in the BNC 5.1 Types of translation correspondence 7.1 The methodology: a bidirectional corpus-supported approach 8.1 The types of translation counterparts of resulting copular verbs 8.2 Phase verbs as counterparts of resulting copulas 8.3 Czech translation counterparts of resulting copulas as markers of incho- ative change 9.1 The types of translation counterparts of epistemic/sensory-perception copular verbs 9.2 Czech translation counterparts of epistemic/sensory-perception copulas as markers of epistemic modification 10.1 The types of translation counterparts of prove and turn out 8 list of figures