Mahmoud Massoud Engineering Thermofluids Thermodynamics, Fluid Mechanics, and Heat Transfer Mahmoud Massoud Engineering Thermofluids Thermodynamics, Fluid Mechanics, and Heat Transfer With 345 Figures and 13 Tables Dr. Mahmoud Massoud University of Maryland Department Mechanical Engineering 20742 College Park, MD USA [email protected] Library of Congress Control Number: 2005924007 ISBN 10 3-540-22292-8 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York ISBN 13 978-3-540-22292-7 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in other ways, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable to prosecution under German Copyright Law. Springer is a part of Springer Science+Business Media springeronline.com © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2005 Printed in Germany The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Typesetting: PTP-Berlin Protago-TX-Production GmbH, Germany E Final processing by PTP-Berlin Protago-TX-Production GmbH, Germany E Cover-Design: Medionet AG, Berlin Printed on acid-free paper 62/3141/Yu – 5 4 3 2 1 0 In loving memory of my dear father Ghahreman Massoud Preface Thermofluids, while a relatively modern term, is applied to the well-established field of thermal sciences, which is comprised of various intertwined disciplines. Thus mass, momentum, and heat transfer constitute the fundamentals of ther- mofluids. This book discusses thermofluids in the context of thermodynamics, single- and two-phase flow, as well as heat transfer associated with single- and two-phase flows. Traditionally, the field of thermal sciences is taught in universi- ties by requiring students to study engineering thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, and heat transfer, in that order. In graduate school, these topics are discussed at more advanced levels. In recent years, however, there have been attempts to inte- grate these topics through a unified approach. This approach makes sense as thermal design of widely varied systems ranging from hair dryers to semiconduc- tor chips to jet engines to nuclear power plants is based on the conservation equa- tions of mass, momentum, angular momentum, energy, and the second law of thermodynamics. While integrating these topics has recently gained popularity, it is hardly a new approach. For example, Bird, Stewart, and Lightfoot in Transport Phenomena, Rohsenow and Choi in Heat, Mass, and Momentum Transfer, El- Wakil, in Nuclear Heat Transport, and Todreas and Kazimi in Nuclear Systems have pursued a similar approach. These books, however, have been designed for advanced graduate level courses. More recently, undergraduate books using an in- tegral approach are appearing. In this book, a wide range of thermal science topics has been brought under one umbrella. This book is intended for graduate students in the fields of Chemical, Industrial, Mechanical, and Nuclear Engineering. However, the topics are dis- cussed in reasonable detail, so that, with omission of certain subjects, it can also be used as a text for undergraduate students. The emphasis on the application as- pects of thermofluids, supported with many practical examples, makes this book a useful reference for practicing engineers in the above fields. No course prerequi- sites, except basic engineering and math, are required; the text does not assume any degree of familiarity with various topics, as all derivations are obtained from basic engineering principles. The text provides examples in the design and opera- tion of thermal systems and power production, applying various thermofluid dis- ciplines. The goal is to give equal attention to a discussion of all power produc- tion sources. However, as George Orwell would have put it, power production from nuclear systems has been treated in this book “more equally”! As important as the understanding of a physical phenomenon is for engineers, equally important is the formulation and solution to the mathematical model rep- resenting each phenomenon. Therefore, rather than providing the traditional mathematical tidbits, a chapter is dedicated to the fundamentals of engineering VIII Preface mathematics. This allows each chapter to address the subject topic exclusively, preventing the need for mathematical proofs in the midst of the discussion of the engineering subject. Topics are prepared in seven major chapters; Introduction, Thermodynamics, Single-Phase Flow, Single-Phase Heat Transfer, Two-Phase Flow and Heat Trans- fer, Applications of Thermofluids in Engineering, and the supplemental chapter on Engineering Mathematics. These chapters are further broken down into several subchapters. For example, Chapter II for Thermodynamics consists of Chapter IIa for Fundamentals of Thermodynamics, Chapter IIb for Power Cycles, and Chap- ter IIc for Mixtures of Non-Reactive Gases. Each chapter opens by briefly describing the covered topic and defining the pertinent terminology. This approach will familiarize the reader with the impor- tant concepts and facilitate comprehension of topics discussed in the chapter. To aid the understanding of more subtle topics, walkthrough examples are provided, in both British and SI units. Questions at the end of each chapter remind the reader of the key concepts discussed in the chapter. Homework problems, with answers to some of the problems, are provided to assist comprehension of the re- lated topic. Throughout this book, priority is given to obtaining analytical solu- tions in closed form. Numerical solutions and empirical correlations are presented as alternatives to the analytical solution, or when an analytical solution cannot be found due to the complexities involved. Multi-authored references are cited only by the name of the first author. When an author is cited twice in the same chapter, the date of the publication follows the author’s name. A CD-ROM containing menu-driven engineering software (ToolKit) is pro- vided for performing laborious tasks. In addition to ToolKit, the CD-ROM con- tains folders named after the associated chapters. These folders contain the listings of computer programs, sample input, and sample output files for various applica- tions. The items that are included in the software are identified in the text. The data required in various chapters are tabulated in Chapter VIII, Appendi- ces. To distinguish the appendix tables from the tables used in various chapters, the table numbers in the appendices are preceded by the letter A. Acknowledgement I am grateful to my contributors listed below, who kindly answered my questions, provided useful comments and suggestions, or agreed to review several or all of the chapters of this book: – Professor Kazys Almenas*, University of Maryland – Professor Morton Denn, City College of New York – Dr. Thomas L. George, Numerical Applications, Inc. – Mr. James Gilmer, Bechtel Power Corporation – Professor Peter Griffith, MIT – Dr. Gerard E. Gryczkowski, Constellation Energy – Professor Yih Yun Hsu*, University of Maryland – Dr. Ping Shieh Kao, Computer Associates, Inc. – Professor Mujid S. Kazimi, MIT – Professor John H. Lienhard IV, University of Houston – Professor Anthony F. Mills, UCLA – Professor Mohammad Modarres, University of Maryland – Dr. Frederick J. Moody, General Electric and San Jose State University – Professor Amir N. Nahavandi*, Columbia University – Mr. Farzin Nouri, Bechtel Power Corporation – Professor Karl O. Ott, Purdue University – Dr. Daniel A. Prelewicz, Information System Laboratories, Inc. – Professor Marvin L. Roush, University of Maryland – Mr. Raymond E. Schneider, Westinghouse Electric Company – Dr. Farrokh Seifaee, Framatome ANP, Inc. – Mr. John Singleton, Constellation Energy – Professor Neil E. Todreas, MIT – Professor Gary Z. Watters, California State University at Chico – Professor Frank M. White, University of Rhode Island Technical assistance of Richard B. Mervine and Seth Spooner and editorial assis- tance of Ruth Martin and Edmund Tyler are gratefully acknowledged. Thanks are due my students at the University of Maryland, Martin Glaubman, Katrina Groth, Adam Taff, Keith Tetter, and Wendy Wong for providing useful feedback and suggestions. I also appreciate the efforts of my editors Gabriel Maas of Springer- Verlag and Danny Lewis and colleagues of PTP-Berlin GmbH. I commend all the contributors for assisting me in this endeavor and emphasize that any shortcoming is entirely my own. * Retired Table of Contents* I. Introduction.................................................................................................1 1. Definition of Thermofluids...................................................................1 2. Energy Sources and Conversion...........................................................2 3. Energy in Perspective............................................................................4 4. Power Producing Systems.....................................................................5 5. Power Producing Systems, Fossil Power Plants...................................6 6. Power Producing Systems, Nuclear Power Plants..............................11 7. Power Producing Systems, Greenpower Plants..................................17 8. Comparison of Various Energy Sources.............................................23 9. Thermofluid Analysis of Systems.......................................................25 Questions....................................................................................................27 Problems.....................................................................................................28 II. Thermodynamics......................................................................................31 IIa. Fundamentals..............................................................................................32 1. Definition of Terms.............................................................................33 2. Equation of State for Ideal Gases........................................................41 3. Equation of State for Water................................................................46 4. Heat, Work, and Thermodynamic Processes......................................55 5. Conservation Equation of Mass for a Control Volume.......................64 6. The First Law of Thermodynamics.....................................................66 7. Applicationsof the First Law,Steady State........................................70 8. Applications of the First Law, Transient.............................................81 9. The Second Law of Thermodynamics................................................96 10. Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics...........................105 11. Exergy or Availability.......................................................................116 Questions..................................................................................................123 Problems...................................................................................................125 IIb. Power Cycles............................................................................................144 1. Gas Power Systems...........................................................................144 2. Vapor Power Systems.......................................................................161 3. Actual Versus Ideal Cycles...............................................................174 * The related flow chart follows this section XII Table of Contents Questions..................................................................................................177 Problems...................................................................................................178 IIc. Mixtures....................................................................................................187 1. Mixture of Non-reactive Ideal Gases................................................187 2. Gases in Contact with Ice, Water, and Steam...................................193 3. Processes Involving Moist Air..........................................................196 4. Charging and Discharging Rigid Volumes.......................................203 Questions..................................................................................................217 Problems...................................................................................................218 III. Fluid Mechanics......................................................................................223 IIIa. Single-Phase Flow Fundamentals.............................................................224 1. Definition of Fluid Mechanic Terms................................................224 2. Fluid Kinematics...............................................................................233 3. Conservation Equations....................................................................239 Questions..................................................................................................274 Problems...................................................................................................275 IIIb. Incompressible Viscous Flow...................................................................286 1. Steady Incompressible Viscous Flow...............................................286 2. Steady Internal Incompressible Viscous Flow..................................289 3. Pressure Drop in Steady Internal Incompressible Viscous Flow....................................................................................295 4. Steady Incompressible Viscous Flow in Piping Systems..................310 5. Steady Incompressible Viscous Flow Distribution in Piping Networks...........................................................................337 6. Unsteady Internal Incompressible Flow............................................343 7. Fundamentals of Waterhammer Transients......................................371 Questions..................................................................................................383 Problems...................................................................................................383 IIIc. Compressible Flow...................................................................................399 1. Steady Internal Compressible Viscous Flow....................................399 2. The Phenomenon of Choked or Critical Flow..................................414 Questions..................................................................................................426 Problems...................................................................................................427 IV. Heat Transfer..........................................................................................431 IVa. Conduction................................................................................................431 1. Definition of Heat Conduction Terms..............................................432 2. The Heat Conduction Equation.........................................................437 3. Analytical Solution of Heat Conduction Equation............................444