ENGINEERING TOOLS, TECHNIQUES AND TABLES SERIES E P NGINEERING HYSICS M : A , AND ECHANICS NALYSIS PREDICTION AND APPLICATIONS No part of this digital document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means. The publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this digital document, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained herein. This digital document is sold with the clear understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, medical or any other professional services. E T , T NGINEERING OOLS ECHNIQUES T S AND ABLES ERIES Computational Methods in Applied Science and Engineering A.K. Haghi (Editor) 2010. ISBN: 978-1-60876-052-7 Engineering Physics and Mechanics: Analyses, Prediction and Applications Matias Sosa and Julián Franco (Editors) 2010. ISBN: 978-1-60876-227-9 Precision Gear Shaving Gianfranco Bianco and Stephen P. Radzevich 2010.ISBN: 978-1-60876-861-5 Hydraulic Engineering: Structural Applications, Numerical Modeling and Environmental Impacts Gerhard Hirsch and Bernd Kappel (Editors) 2010. ISBN: 978-1-60876- 825-7 Primer to Kalman Filtering: A Physicist Perspective Netzer Moriya 2010. ISBN: 978-1-61668-311-5 ENGINEERING TOOLS, TECHNIQUES AND TABLES SERIES E P NGINEERING HYSICS M : A , AND ECHANICS NALYSIS PREDICTION AND APPLICATIONS MATIAS SOSA AND JULIÁN FRANCO EDITORS Nova Science Publishers, Inc. New York Copyright © 2010 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved. 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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA Engineering physics and mechanics : analyses, prediction, and applications / editors, Matias Sosa and Julián Franco. p. cm. ISBN 978-1-61324-550-7 (eBook) 1. Mechanical engineering. 2. Physics. I. Sosa, Matias. II. Franco, Julián. TJ146.E54 2009 621--dc22 2009038660  Published by Nova Science Publishers, Inc. New York CONTENTS Preface vii Chapter 1 Solar Absorption Systems as the Foundation for the New 1 Generation of Heat-Pumping, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Technologies A.V. Doroshenko, Y.P. Kvurt and L.P. Kholpanov Chapter 2 Causes of Failures and the New Prospects in the Field of Space 147 Material Sciences A.I. Feonychev Chapter 3 Modeling of Interaction Kinetics during Combustion Synthesis 237 of Advanced Materials: Phase-Formation-Mechanism Maps B.B. Khina Chapter 4 Identification and Control of Large Smart Structures 295 Yeesock Kim, Reza Langari and Stefan Hurlebaus Chapter 5 Transfer Processes in a Heat Generating Granular Bed 361 Yu.S. Teplitskii and V.I. Kovenskii Chapter 6 The Influence of ND Laser Irradiation Parameters on Dynamics 441 of Metal Condensed Phase Propagating Near Target V.K. Goncharov, K.V. Kozadaev and M.V. Puzyrev Chapter 7 Thermodynamic and Kinetic Study of Oil Shale Processing 473 G.Y. Gerasimov, E.P. Volkov and E.V. Samuilov Chapter 8 Radiation Induced Synthesis and Modification of Carbon 493 Nanostructures G.Y. Gerasimov Chapter 9 Monitoring a 22-Story Building under Severe Typhoons 509 with Bayesian Spectral Density Approach Ka-Veng Yuen and Sin-Chi Kuok vi Contents Chapter 10 Characteristics of Ohm Law for Metal at Low Temperature 535 A.N. Volobuev and V.V. Galanin Chapter 11 Calculating and Experimental Researches of Free-Flowing 547 Substance Axisymmetric Movement as Quasi-Newton Liquid V.V. Lozovetsky, F.V. Pelevin and S.N. Leontiev Chapter 12 Vibration Analysis of Non-Uniform Beams Using Spline 559 Collocation Method Ming-Hung Hsu Chapter 13 Multiclass Fuzzy Classifiers Based on Kernel Discriminant 577 Analysis Ryota Hosokawa and Shigeo Abe Index 599 PREFACE The study of engineering physics emphasizes the application of basic scientific principles to the design of equipment, which includes electronic and electro-mechanical systems, for use in measurements, communications, and data acquisition. Engineering mechanics is the basis of all the mechanical sciences - civil engineering, materials science and engineering, mechanical engineering and aeronautical and aerospace engineering. This new book gathers the latest research from around the globe in this field of study. The analysis of existing models of high-temperature synthesis (SHS) is presented with special emphasis on the kinetics of interaction in strongly non-isothermal conditions typical of SHS. A novel multiple model approach is also proposed in order to model and control nonlinear behavior of large structures equipped with nonlinear smart control devices. In addition, this book examines the description of the processes which take place during the interaction of neodymium laser radiation (moderate power density) with metal targets. Other chapters in this book examine the main features of oil shale transformation under thermal processing, recent progress in application of radiation techniques for the synthesis and modification of carbon nanostructures, a brief analysis calculating and theoretical models describing free-flowing substance movement, and a discussion of fuzzy classifier based on kernel discriminant analysis (KDA) for two-class and multiclass problems. As presented in Chapter 1, since 1992 at a number of conferences held under the aegis of UNO they have discussed the problem directly of humanity—the problem of global warming caused by the constantly increasing concentration of so-called greenhouse gases (GG) in the atmosphere [129, 130]. Burning fossil fuel as a source of releases of carbon dioxide, which is one of the main greenhouse gases, makes the greatest contribution to their continuous accumulation in the atmosphere. The greenhouse gases, the release of which is controlled by the UNO Convention, include methane; its source is also power engineering and decomposition of domestic and industrial waste. The UNO Convention (the climate convention) was adopted in 1992 in Rio de Janeiro at the UNO conference on the environmental protection and development and was devoted to adopting measures by the world community for smoothing the global warming caused by the increase of the GG concentration in the atmosphere. In December 1997 in Kyoto (Japan) at the third session of the conference of member-countries of the frame UNO Convention on climate change, the Kyoto Protocol was adopted which was ratified by participating countries (55 countries including Russia and Ukraine); it is these countries that provide 55% of global carbon dioxide releases [130]. viii Matias Sosa and Julián Franco In Chapter 2, the methodical study of the crystal growth processes and electrophoretic separation of the biomixtures have been carried out under microgravity conditions. The mathematical simulation of technological processes was performed by dint of the Navie- Stokes equations, the equations for heat and mass transfer and the Maxwell equations for magnetic and electric fields with reasoned assumptions. Analysis of crystal growth by the Bridgeman-Stockbarger and moving heater methods has shown that these methods does not give the expected positive results due to particularities of the fluid flows and heat and mass transfer under microgravity conditions and zero gravity. New condition for the dopant concentration at the crystallization boundary is used under calculations and comparison of the calculation data and the results obtained in experiments on board spacecraft. Thermocapillary convection stability and the process of crystal growth by the floating zone method are studied with use of different control actions. A rotating magnetic field, additional fluid layer (encapsulation of crystallizing melt) and standing surface waves, generated by axial vibration are applied as the control action. Axial static magnetic field is additional applied in two last cases. It is shown that under optimum parameters of the external action on thermocapillary convection, dopant segregation in micro- and macro-scales can be significantly reduced. The new idea on eigenfrequency of convective cell is used for analysis of the calculation results. The analysis of special space experiment on continuous flow electrophoresis showed that the failures of experiments on biomixture separation with the help of this method are due to hydrodynamic instability of biocomponent jet by the action of vibrations and ponderomotive force in electric field. The considered modifications of the floating zone method, as well as the use of the standing surface waves generated by vibrating crystal in the Czochralski method can be used for crystal growth in terrestrial conditions. Combustion synthesis (CS), or self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) is a versatile and cost efficient method for producing refractory compounds (carbides, borides, intermetallics) and composite materials. During CS, interaction between condensed reactants accomplishes in a short time (~0.1-1 s) whereas the traditional furnace synthesis of the same compounds takes several hours for the same particle size and close final temperature. Uncommon, non-equilibrium interaction mechanisms were observed experimentally, e.g., the dissolution-crystallization route rather than the traditional solid-state diffusion-controlled (SSDC) growth of a continuous product layer separating the starting reactants. Despite extensive experimental and theoretical investigation, the interaction pathways during CS are not well understood yet. In Chapter 3, the analysis of existing models of SHS is presented with special emphasis on the kinetics of interaction in strongly non-isothermal conditions typical of SHS. It is shown that in the modeling works employing the most used SSDC kinetics of the product formation, the diffusion coefficients used for calculations exceeded the experimentally known values by up to 3 orders of magnitude in a wide range of temperature. New models are developed for two typical SHS-reactions, Ti+C TiC (CS of interstitial compound) and Ni+Al NiAl (CS of intermetallic compound), basing on the SSDC kinetics and independent data on diffusion in the product phase. For CS of TiC, all possible situations are analyzed. Elastic stresses in a spherical TiC layer growing on the Ti particle surface are calculated, and a criterion for transition to the non-equilibrium dissolution-precipitation route is obtained. For CS of NiAl, competition between the growth of solid NiAl and its dissolution in the liquid Al-base and solid or liquid Ni-base solutions is considered for non-isothermal Preface ix conditions. The Ni-Al phase diagram is used for numerical modeling along with the temperature dependencies of phase densities. Simulation has revealed the limits of applicability of the traditional SSDC approach, which is based on the assumption of local equilibrium at phase boundaries. The criteria are determined for transition to non-equilibrium reaction routes, namely dissolution-precipitation with and then without a thin solid interlayer of NiAl between the parent phases. As a final result, phase-formation-mechanism maps for the Ti-C and Ni-Al systems are constructed in coordinates ―initial metal particle size-heating rate‖, which permit predicting a pattern of structure formation during interaction in the non-isothermal conditions typical of CS. The existence of uncommon interaction pathways, which were observed experimentally and debated in literature, is confirmed theoretically ex contrario. In Chapter 4, a novel multiple-model approach is proposed in order to model and control nonlinear behavior of large structures equipped with nonlinear smart control devices in a unified framework. First, a novel Nonlinear System Identification (hereinafter as ―NSI‖) algorithm, Multi- input, Multi-output (hereinafter as ―MIMO‖) AutoRegressive eXogenous (hereinafter as ―ARX‖) inputs-based Takagi-Sugeno (hereinafter as ―TS‖) fuzzy model, is developed to identify nonlinear behavior of large structures equipped with smart damper systems. It integrates a set of MIMO ARX models, clustering algorithms, and weighted least squares algorithm with a TS fuzzy model. Based on a set of input-output data that is generated from large structures equipped with MagnetoRheological (hereinafter as ―MR‖) dampers, premise parameters of the MIMO ARX-TS fuzzy model are determined by the clustering algorithms, while the consequent parameters are optimized by the weighted least squares algorithm. Second, a new Semiactive Nonlinear Fuzzy Control (hereinafter as ―SNFC‖) algorithm is proposed through integration of multiple Lyapunov-based state feedback gains, a Kalman filter, and a converting algorithm with TS fuzzy interpolation method: (1) the nonlinear MIMO ARX-TS fuzzy model is decomposed into a set of linear dynamic models that are operated in only a local linear operating region; (2) Then, based on the decomposed dynamic models, multiple Lyapunov-based state feedback controllers are formulated in terms of linear matrix inequalities (hereinafter as ―LMIs‖) such that the large structure-MR damper system is globally asymptotically stable and the performance on transient responses is also guaranteed; (3) finally, the state feedback controllers are integrated with a Kalman filter and a converting algorithm using a TS fuzzy interpolation method to construct semiactive output feedback controllers. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed MIMO ARX-TS fuzzy model-based SNFC systems, it is applied to a 3-, an 8-, and a 20-story building structure employing MR dampers. It is demonstrated from the numerical simulations that the proposed MIMO ARX- TS fuzzy model-based SNFC algorithm is effective to control responses of seismically excited large building structures equipped with MR dampers. As explained in Chapter 5, heat generating granular beds are practically an important type of disperse systems (beds of nuclear fuel microcells of atomic power stations, beds of solid fuel particles in layer burning, heat generating beds of biological origin, etc.). Heat, generated in solid particles, produces temperature fields of specific character in the system; it is influenced by a whole number of factors: heat release intensity, heat carrier filtration velocity, size of particles, etc.