Engineering Graphics Essentials with AutoCAD® 2014 Instruction Text and Video Instruction Kirstie Plantenberg Multimedia Disc SDC Video instruction, Better Textbooks. Lower Prices. interactive quizes and more www.SDCpublications.com PUBLICATIONS Visit the following websites to learn more about this book: Chapter 2: Orthographic Projection ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION CHAPTER OUTLINE 2.1) INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING GRAPHICS .................................................................. 2  2.2) ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION INTRODUCTION ............................................................... 2  2.2.1) The six principle views ....................................................................................................... 3  2.3) THE GLASS BOX METHOD .................................................................................................... 4  2.4) THE STANDARD VIEWS ......................................................................................................... 7  2.4.1) The front view .................................................................................................................... 7  2.5) LINE TYPES USED IN AN ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION ................................................ 7  2.6) RULES FOR LINE CREATION AND USE ............................................................................... 9  2.6.1) Hidden lines ....................................................................................................................... 9  2.6.2) Center lines ...................................................................................................................... 10  2.6.3) Phantom lines .................................................................................................................. 12  2.6.4) Break lines ....................................................................................................................... 14  2.6.5) Line type precedence ...................................................................................................... 14  2.7) CREATING AN ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION ................................................................ 15  2.7.1) Projection symbol ............................................................................................................. 16  2.8) AUXILIARY VIEWS ................................................................................................................ 30  ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION CROSSWORD PUZZLE ......................................................... 35  ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION PROBLEMS............................................................................ 37  2 - 1 Chapter 2: Orthographic Projection CHAPTER SUMMARY In Chapter 2 you will learn the importance of engineering graphics and how to create an orthographic projection. An orthographic projection describes the shape of an object. It is a two dimensional representation of a three dimensional object. Different line types are used to indicate visible, hidden and symmetry lines. By the end of this chapter, you will be able to create a technically correct orthographic projection using proper projection techniques. 2.1) INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING GRAPHICS Engineering graphics is a set of rules and guidelines that help you create an engineering drawing. An engineering drawing is a drawing or a set of drawings that communicates an idea, design, schematic, or model. Engineering drawings come in many forms. Each engineering field has its own type of engineering drawings. For example, electrical engineers draw circuit schematics and circuit board layouts. Civil engineers draw plans for bridges and road layouts. Mechanical engineers draw parts and assemblies that need to be manufactured. This book focuses on the latter. This is not to say that only students in a mechanical engineering curriculum will benefit from learning engineering graphics. It benefits everyone from the weekend carpenter who wants to draw plans for his/her new bookshelf to the electrical engineer who wants to analyze electrical component cooling using a CAE program. Engineering graphics teaches you how to visualize and see all sides of an object in your mind. Being able to visualize in your mind will help you in several aspects of critical thinking. 2.2) ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION INTRODUCTION An orthographic projection enables us to represent a 3-D object in 2-D (see Figure 2.2-1). An orthographic projection is a system of drawings that represent different sides of an object. These drawings are formed by projecting the edges of the object perpendicular to the desired planes of projection. Orthographic projections allow us to represent the shape of an object using 2 or more views. These views together with dimensions and notes are sufficient to manufacture the part. 2 - 2 Chapter 2: Orthographic Projection Figure 2.2-1: Orthographic projection. 2.2.1) The six principle views The 6 principle views of an orthographic projection are shown in Figure 2.2-2. Each principle view is created by looking at the object in the directions indicated in Figure 2.2-2 and drawing what is seen as well as what is hidden from view. Figure 2.2-2: The six principle views. 2 - 3 Chapter 2: Orthographic Projection 2.3) THE GLASS BOX METHOD To obtain an orthographic projection, an object is placed in an imaginary glass box as shown in Figure 2.3-1. The sides of the glass box represent the six principle planes. Images of the object are projected onto the sides of the box to create the six principle views. The box is then unfolded to lie flat, showing all views in a 2-D plane. Figure 2.3-2 shows the glass box being unfolded to create the orthographic projection of the object. Figure 2.3-1: Object in a glass box. 2 - 4 Chapter 2: Orthographic Projection Figure 2.3-2: Glass box being unfolded. 2 - 5 Chapter 2: Orthographic Projection Instructor Led Exercise 2.3-1: Principle views Label the five remaining principle views with the appropriate view name. What are the differences between the Right Side and Left Side views? What are the differences between the Top and Bottom, and Front and Rear views? Which view(s) have the least number of hidden or dashed lines? 2 - 6 Chapter 2: Orthographic Projection 2.4) THE STANDARD VIEWS When constructing an orthographic projection, we need to include enough views to completely describe the true shape of the part. The more complex a part, the more views are needed to describe it completely. Most objects require three views to completely describe them. The standard views used in an orthographic projection are the front, top, and right side views. The other views (bottom, rear, left side) are omitted since they usually do not add any new information. It is not always necessary to use the three standard views. Some objects can be completely described in one or two views. For example, a sphere only requires one view, and a block only requires two views. 2.4.1) The front view The front view shows the most features or characteristics of the object. It usually contains the least number of hidden lines. The exception to this rule is when the object has a predefined or generally accepted front view. All other views are based on the orientation chosen for the front view. The top, front, and bottom views are all aligned vertically and share the same width dimension. The left side, front, right side, and rear views are all aligned horizontally and share the same height dimension (see the figure shown in Exercise 2.3-1). 2.5) LINE TYPES USED IN AN ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION Line type and line weight provide valuable information to the print reader. For example, the type and weight of a line can answer the following questions: Is the feature visible or hidden from view? Is the line part of the object or part of a dimension? Is the line indicating symmetry? There are four commonly used line types: continuous, hidden, center and phantom. The standard recommends using, no less than, two line widths. Important lines should be twice as thick as the less important thin lines. Common thicknesses are 0.6 mm for important lines and 0.3 mm for the less important lines. However, to further distinguish line importance, it is recommended to use four different thicknesses or weights: thin, medium, thick, and very thick. The actual line thickness should be chosen such that there is a visible difference between the line weights; however, they should not be too thick or thin making it difficult to read the print. The thickness of the lines should be adjusted according to the size and complexity of the part. The following is a list of common line types and widths used in an orthographic projection. 1. Visible lines: Visible lines represent visible edges and boundaries. The line type is continuous and the line weight is thick (0.5 - 0.6 mm). 2. Hidden lines: Hidden lines represent edges and boundaries that cannot be seen. The line type is dashed and the line weight is medium thick (0.35 - 0.45 mm). 3. Center lines: Center lines represent axes of symmetry and are important for interpreting cylindrical shapes. Crossed center lines should be drawn at the centers of circles. They are also used to indicate circle of centers and paths of motion. The line type is long dash – short dash and the line weight is thin (0.3 mm). 2 - 7 Chapter 2: Orthographic Projection 4. Phantom lines: Phantom lines are used to indicate imaginary features. For example, they are used to indicate the alternate positions of moving parts, and adjacent positions of related parts. The line type is long dash – short dash – short dash and the line weight is usually thin (0.3 mm). 5. Dimension and Extension lines: Dimension and extension lines are used to show the size of an object. In general, a dimension line is placed between two extension lines and is terminated by arrowheads, which indicates the direction and extent of the dimension. The line type is continuous and the line weight is thin (0.3 mm). 6. Cutting plane lines: Cutting plane lines are used to show where an imaginary cut has been made through the object in order to view interior features. The line type is phantom and the line weight is very thick (0.6 to 0.8 mm). Arrows are placed at both ends of the cutting plane line to indicate the direction of sight. 7. Section lines: Section lines are used to show areas that have been cut by the cutting plane. Section lines are grouped in parallel line patterns and usually drawn at a 45 angle. The line type is usually continuous and the line weight is thin (0.3 mm). 8. Break lines: Break lines are used to show imaginary breaks in objects. A break line is usually made up of a series of connecting arcs. The line type is continuous and the line weight is usually thick (0.5 – 0.6 mm). Instructor Led Exercise 2.5-1: Line types Using the line type definitions, match each line type name with the appropriate line type.  Visible Line  Hidden Line  Center Line  Phantom Line  Dimension and Extension Lines  Cutting Plane Line  Section Lines  Break Line 2 - 8