A Course Material on Engineering Geology By Mr. S. Elaiyarasu Assistant Professor DEPARTMENT OFCIVIL ENGINEERING SASURIE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING VIJAYAMANGALAM–638 056 QUALITY CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the e-course material Subject Code : CE6301 Scubject :Engineering Goelogy Class :II Year CIVIL being prepared by me and it meets the knowledge requirement of the university curriculum. Signature of the Author Name: S. Elaiyarasu Designation: Assistant Professor This is to certify that the course material being prepared by Mr. S. Elaiyarasu is of adequate quality. He has referred more than five books amont them minimum one is from aborad author. Signature of HD Name:N.Sathish Kumar SEAL CE6301 ENGINEERING GEOLOGY L T P C 3 0 0 3 OBJECTIVES: At the end of this course the students will be able to understand the importance of geological knowledge such as earth, earthquake, volcanism and to apply this knowledge in projects such as dams, tunnels, bridges, roads, airport and harbor as well as to choose types of foundations. UNIT I PHYSICAL GEOLOGY 9 Geology in civil engineering – branches of geology– structure of earth and its composition – weathering of rocks – scale of weathering– soils -landforms and processes associated with river, wind, groundwater and sea – relevance to civil engineering. Plate tectonics – Earth quakes – Seismic zones in India. UNIT II MINEROLOGY 9 Physical properties of minerals – Quartz group, Feldspar group, Pyroxene - hypersthene and augite, Amphibole – hornblende, Mica – muscovite and biotite, Calcite, Gypsum and Clay minerals. UNIT III PETROLOGY 9 Classification of rocks, distinction between Igneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphic rocks. Engineering properties of rocks. Description, occurrence, engineering properties, distribution and uses of Granite, Dolerite, Basalt, Sandstone, Limestone, Laterite, Shale, Quartzite, Marble, Slate, Gneiss and Schist. UNIT IV STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICAL METHODS 9 Geological maps – attitude of beds, study of structures – folds, faults and joints – relevance to civil engineering. Geophysical methods – Seismic and electrical methods for subsurface investigations. UNIT V APPLICATION OF GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS 9 Remote sensing for civil engineering applications; Geological conditions necessary for design and construction of Dams, Reservoirs, Tunnels, and Road cuttings -Hydrogeological investigations and mining -Coastal protection structures. Investigation of Landslides, causes and mitigation. TOTAL: 45 PERIODS TEXT BOOKS: 1. Varghese, P.C., Engineering Geology for Civil Engineering Prentice Hall of India Learning Private Limited, New Delhi, 2012. 2. Venkat Reddy. D. Engineering Geology, Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Lt, 2010. 3. Gokhale KVGK, "Principles of Engineering Geology", B.S. Publications, Hyderabad 2011. 4. Chenna Kesavulu N. "Textbook of Engineering Geology", Macmillan India Ltd., 2009. 5. Parbin Singh. A "Text book of Engineering and General Geology", Katson publishing house, Ludhiana 2009. REFERENCES: 1. Muthiayya, V.D. “ A Text of Geology”, Oxford IBH Publications, Calcutta, 1969 2. Blyth F.G.H. and de Freitas M.H., Geology for Engineers, Edward Arnold, London, 2010. 3. Bell .F.G.. "Fundamentals of Engineering Geology", B.S. Publications. S.NO CONTENTS PAGE NO CHAPTER 1 PHYSICAL GEOLOGY 1.1 PRE REQUISTE DISCUSSION 1 1.2 SCOPEOFGEOLOGYINCIVIL 1 ENGINERRING 1.3 BRANCHES OF GEOLOGY 1 1.4 WEATHERING 4 1.5 LANDFORM AND PROCESS ASSOCIATED WITH WIND 6 1.6 GROUNDWATER 8 1.7 EXPLAIN THECAUSES, CLASSIFICATION OFEARTHQUAKE 10 CHAPTER 2 MINERALOGY 2.1 2. PRE REQUISTE DISCUSSION 13 2.2 PHYSICALPROPERTIES OFMINERALS 16 2.3 MONOCLINIC SYSTEM 16 2.4 QUARTZ GROUP 18 2.5 FELSPAR GROUP 19 2.6 PYROXENES GROUP 20 2.7 AMIPHOBLEGROUP 21 2.8 HORNBLENDE: (COMPOUND-COMPLEXSILICATE) 22 2.9 MICA GROUP 23 CHAPTER 3 PETROLOGY 3.1 PRE REQUISTE DISCUSSION 23 3.2 IGNEOUS ROCKS 23 3.2.1 TEXTURESOFIGNEOUSROCKS 24 3.2.2 FORMSOF IGNEOUS ROCKS 28 3.3 IMPORTANT IGNEOUS ROCKS 31 3.4 BRIEFLY EXPLAIN ABOUT SEDIMENTARYROCKS 38 3.5 IMPORTANT SEDIMENTARY ROCKS 42 3.6 LIMESTONES 47 3.7 METAMORPHICROCKS 53 3.7.1 CLASSIFICATIONOFMETAMORPHIC ROCKS 54 CHAPER 4 STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICAL METHODS 4.1 OUTCROP 59 4.2 FOLDS 60 4.2.1 PARTS OF A FOLD 60 4.2.2 CLASSIFICATION OF FOLDS 61 4.2.3 CAUSES OFFOLDING 66 4.3 FAULT& FAULTING 69 4.4 JOINTS AND JOINTING 72 4.5 GEOPHYSICAL INVESTIGATIONS 74 4.6 SEISMIC METHODS 76 4.7 GRAVITATIONAL METHODS 78 4.8 MAGNETIC METHODS 79 CHAPTER 5 APPLICATION OF GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS 5.1 GEOLOGICAL CONDITIONS NECESSRY FOR CONSTRUCTION 81 OFDAMS DEFINITION 5.1.1 SELECTION OF SITES 81 5.2 GEOLOGICALCHARACTERS FOR INVESTIGATION 82 5.3 TUNNELS 83 5.4 ASSESSMENT OFENVIRONMENTALHAZARDS 84 5.5 GEOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN 85 TUNNELLING 5.6 FOLDING 89 5.7 FAULTING 90 5.8 ROADS AND HIGHWAYS 91 5.9 ROAD CUT 93 2MARKS & 16 MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS Engineering Geology II Yr/III Sem Civil Engineering CHAPTER 1 PHYSICAL GEOLOGY 1.1 PRE REQUISTE DISCUSSION Engineering geology may be defined as that of applied sciences which deals with the application of geology for a safe, stable land economical design and construction of a civil engineeringproject 1.2SCOPEOFGEOLOGYIN CIVILENGINERRING  It is defined as that of applied science which deal with the application of geology for a safe, stableand economic design and constructionof acivil engineeringproject.  Engineering geology is almost universally considered as essential as that of soil mechanics, strength ofmaterial, or theoryofstructures.  The application of geological knowledge in planning, designing and construction of big civil engineeringprojects.  Thebasicobjects of acourse in engineering geologyare two folds.  It enables a civil engineer to understand the engineering implications of certain condition should relate to the area of construction which is essentially geological in nature.  It enables a geologist to understand the nature of the geological information that is absolutely essentially for a safe design and construction of a civil engineering projects. The scope of geology can be studied is best studied with reference to major activities of theprofessionof acivilengineer which are  Construction  Waterresourcesdevelopment  Townand regionalplanning 1.3 BRANCHES OF GEOLOGY Geologyis a relatively recent subject. In addition to its core branches, advances in geology in allied fields have lead to specialized sciences like geophysics, geochemistery, seismology, oceanographyand remotesensing. Main and Allied branches of geology: 1 S.Elaiyarasu 2015-16 Engineering Geology II Yr/III Sem Civil Engineering Thevast subject of geologyhas been subjected into thefollowingbranches: Main Branches Allied Branches Physical geology Engineering geology Mineralogy Mining geology Petrology Geophysics Structural geology Geohydrology Stratigraphy GeochemistryPaleontology Economicgeology Physical geology: This is also variously described as dynamic geology, geomorphology etc. It deals with: i) Different physical features of the earth, such as mountains, plateaus, valleys, rivers.lakes glaciers and volcanoes in terms of their origin and development. ii) The different changes occurring on the earth surface like marine transgression, marine regression, formation or disappearanceofrivers, springs and lakes. iii) Geological work of wind, glaciers, rivers, oceans, and groundwater ands their role in constantlymouldingtheearth surfacefeatures iv)Natural phenomenalikelandslides, earthquakes and weathering. Mineralogy: This deals with the study of minerals. Minerals are basic units with different rocks and ores of the earth aremadeup of. Details of mode of formation, composition, occurrence, types, association, properties uses etc. of minerals form the subject matter of mineralogy. For example: sometimes quartzite and marble resemble one another in shine, colour and appearance while marble disintegrates and decomposes in a shorterperiod becauseof its mineral composition and properties. Petrology: Petrology deals with the study of rocks. The earths crust also called lithosphere is made up of different types of rocks. Hence petrology deals with the mode of formation, structure, texture, composition, occurrence, and types of rocks. This is the most important branch of geologyfrom thecivil engineeringpoint of view. 2 S.Elaiyarasu 2015-16 Engineering Geology II Yr/III Sem Civil Engineering Structural geology: The rocks, which from the earths crust, undergo various deformations, dislocations and disturbances under the influence of tectonic forces. The result is the occurrence of different geological structures like folds, fault, joints and unconformities in rocks. The details of mode of formation, causes, types, classification, importance etc of these geological structures from the subject matter ofstructural geology. Stratigraphy: The climatic and geological changes including tectonic events in the geological past can also be known from these investigations. This kind of studyof the earth’s historythrough the sedimentary rock is called historical geology. It is also called stratigraphy (Strata = a set of sedimementaryrocks, graphydescription). Economicgeology: Minerals can be grouped as general rock forming minerals and economic minerals. Some of the economic minerals like talc, graphite, mica, asbestos, gypsum, magnesite, diamond and gems. The details of their mode of formation, occurrence, classification. Association, varieties, concenteration, properties, uses from the subject matter of economic geology. Further based on application of geological knowledge in other fields there is many otherallied branches collectivelycalled earth science. Some of them described hereare:  Engineering geology  Mining geology  Geophysics  Geohydrology  Geochemistry Engineering geology: This deals with the application of geological knowledge in the field of civil engineering, for execution of safe, stable and economic constructions like dams, bridges and tunnels. Mining geology: This deals with the application of geological knowledge in the field of mining. A mining engineer is interested in the mode and extent of occurrence of ores, their association, properties etc. It is also necessary to know other physical parameters like depth direction inclination thickness and reserve of the bodies for efficient utilization. Such details of mineral exploration, estimation and exploration aredealt within mininggeology. 3 S.Elaiyarasu 2015-16 Engineering Geology II Yr/III Sem Civil Engineering Geophysics: The study of physical properties like density and magnetism of the earth or its parts. To know its interior form the subject matter of geophysics. There are different types of geophysical investigations based ion the physical property utilized gravity methods, seismic methods, magnetic methods. Engineering geophysics is a branch of exploration geophysics, which aims at solving civil engineering problems by interpreting subsurface geology of the area concerned. Electrical resitivity methods and seismic refraction methods are commonly used in solvingcivil engineeringproblems. Geohydrology: This may also be called hydrogeology. It deals with occurrence, movement and nature of groundwater in an area. It has applied importance because ground water has many advantages over surface water. In general geological and geophysical studies are together taken up forgroundwater investigations. Geochemistry: This branch is relatively more recent and deals with the occurrence, distribution, abundance, mobility etc, of different elements in the earth crust. It is not important from the civil engineeringpoint of view. 1.4 WEATHERING Weathering is defined as a process of decay, disintegration and decomposition of rocks under theinfluenceofcertain physical and chemical agencies. Disintegration: It may be defined as the process of breaking up of rocks into small pieces by the mechanical agencies ofphysical agents. Decomposition: It may be defined as the process of breaking up of mineral constituents to form new components bythe chemical actions of the physical agents. Denudation: It is a general term used when the surface of the earth is worn awaybythe chemical as well as mechanical actions of physical agents and the lower layers areexposed. Theprocess of weatheringdepends upon the followingthree factors: i) Natureofrocks 4 S.Elaiyarasu 2015-16 Engineering Geology II Yr/III Sem Civil Engineering ii) Length of time iii) Climate Two Chief types of weathering are commonly distinguished on the basis of type of agency involved in theprocess and natureof the end product. Theyare: i) Physical or mechanical weathering ii) Chemical weathering Physical weathering: It is the physical breakdown of rock masses under the attack of certain atmospheric agents. A single rock block is broken gradually into smaller irregular fragments and then into particles of still smaller dimensions. It is the most active in cold, dry and higher areas of the earth surfaceTemperaturevariations areresponsible to a great extent of physical weathering. Thermal effects: The effect of change of temperature on rocks is of considerable importance in arid and semi arid regions where difference between daytime and nighttime temperature is often very high. Such temperature fluctuations produce physical disintegration in a normally expected manner. Expansion on heating followed bycontraction on cooling. When the rock mass is layered and good thickness additional disturbing stresses may be developed into by unequal expansion and contraction from surface to the lower regions. The rock sometimes is found to break off into concentricshells. This process is known as exfoliation. When weathering occurs part of the disintegrated rock material is carried away by running water or any other transporting agent. Some of them are left on the surface of the bedrock as residual boulders. It is often seen that boulders have an onion like structure. This kind of weatheringis called spheroidal weathering. Chemical weathering: The chemical decomposition of the rock is called chemical weathering which is nothing but chemical reaction between gases of the atmosphere and minerals of the rocks. The chemical changes invariably take place in the presence of water generally rainwater –in which are dissolved many active gases from the atmosphere like C02, nitrogen, Hydrogen etc.These conditions are defined primarily by chemical composition of the rocks humidity and the environmental surroundingtherock under attack. Chemical weathering is essentially a process of chemical reactions between gases of theatmosphereand thesurfacerocks. Forexample: 5 S.Elaiyarasu 2015-16