UNCLASSIFIED ~ ~ 3 8 9 2 x 9 CO- 0 W 9 6 Elements of Terminal Ballistics. Part One. Introduction, Kill Mechanisms and Vulnerability. Engineering Design Handbook ARMY MATERIEL COMMAND ALEXANDRIA VA NOV 1962 Approved for public release;Distribution unlimited. W ~ I ~ There has been a classification change to this do-nt. It is the responsibility of the recipient to prwtl.y reanark it to indicate the change UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED i tri i As a condition for obtaining DTlC services, all information received from DTlC that is not clearly marked for public release will be used only to bid or perform work under a US. Government contract or grant or for purposes specifically authorized by the US. Government agency that sponsored the access. Furthermore, the information will not be published for profit or in any manner offered for sale. 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If you are dissatisfied with the reproduction quality of any document that we provide, particularly those not exhibiting any of the above conditions, please feel free to contact our Directorate of User Services at (703) 767-906619068 or DSN 427-906619068 for refund or replacement. Do Not Return This Document To DTlC UNCLASSIFIED FROM THIS PAGE IS UNCLASS:IFIED HEADQUARTERS UNITED STATES ARMY MATERIEL COMMAND WASHINGTON 25. D. C. 30 November 1962 AMCP 706-160 (S), Elements of Terminal Ballistics, Part One, Introduction, Kill Mechanisms, and Vulnerability (U), forming part of the Army Materiel Command Engineering Design Handbook Series, is published for the information and of all concerned. FRED P. CAMPBELL Brigadier General, USA Chief of Stdf OFFICIAL: UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED The three handbooks devoted to Elements of Terminel Ballistics are part of a group of hap& PARl'S, each of which colutituter'a dunre. books covering the engineering infonn?.iion PART ONE (AMCP 706-160: coveri'intm- and quant~tatived ata needed in the desigt: and ductury hfonnation, mceh.aislM for ?ecum- construction of Army materiel. which (3s a plishing the desired effects, the eh.racter of the group) eonstitutea the Engineering Design target as it influences the effect, and coUcCtionR liandbwk Series. and analysis of data covering the mechiam of effect. Chapter 1 provider a lhorl history of The handbook on Elements of Terminal Bal- terminal ballistics md briefly outline current liitica present infomation on the fundamental promama. Chapter 2 dkcuria the p h y w principles pverning the behavior of amrnuni- mechanisms by which datlt~lnq y be inAided tion in it9 find phase. Ammunition is produced upon targets; that is. it dgeribcr the vcuioua with a great variety of find purposes in mind. means of ubtaiiinp termid bdlbtic eeetr. and the designer must direct his endeavors The emphasis is on the pheaomeaolm involwd. toward obtaining the desired effects to the without application of the mrchnniamS to S p greateat pcissible degree within the limitations ciflc targets. Qualitative information b pre- which conaideration of weight, bulk, and safety sented in order to identify thoae -ten impoae. Any improvement in the effectivenecre pasociptcd with each zmxbnim which influ- of amnunition will be refiected d i i l y in re- ence its effcctivencar or dnmyle upbbili. doction in Ule the and quantity required for accomplishment of any miasion. and may be aufRcicnt to make the difference between defeat or victory. Beuuae of the grest variety of purposes for whii ammunition h dorigmid, and the wm- dexity of the thn,riu a d engilMrjiw prin- fiplea UIOeisted with each type, an3 which difYer hetwm thue typa in great degree, it baa not baen p~~libtloe p resent within p d - cable limita all of the f&m of design or to give illustrative duipnr ahawing the applica- tiom in existing rmmu~iitioa Wqme eclsac . the llc~eyitv of nuinbiabg muonable Ctmptcr 4 p-ta dc~lcdt cchnicrl in- security lavel haa been a contmllii f&r. formation eollwmbg tlm ghy*eP1 P M o r . To oRmt thaw recognized litatiom. both a involved in vuiour kllt mduahh ! reference and a bibliography have been prr proe~areArrtdeacribedCrwrthctbrorrtl- pnred M 4 part of uch major subdivision. The cal point of view which forma tht buL f ~ ? rafemaca ineludar materid for supporting acaling hwa. Dkaurion of amling kn u statements made in the handbook text, and the presented, foIlowed b a daaip* of the bibliography pmvib for utc ided reading on exwrimcntal techniuuea uaed in rdlrrtinP d.t. the aubject to lmpmve and rr plify the under- ahia m not sp& r&ted to ~utiealu atmdmg of pshciplea invoh .J. -pe. A~pambYdiOlLh-to UNCLASSIFIED I . UNCLASSIFIED creh of the f o U m blut, thennal and -Of-the three chaitem in PART TEER k nuelar radiation, fragmentation and pen+&ra- ~ h a ~ t9e dres cribes a general man- tion, and detonation phpia. ner such kili mechanisms as nuclear effects, particle beams, fragmentation, rendezvoils type PART TWO (AMCP 706-161) is devoted to mechanism, and electronic countermeasures. the collectim and nnalyaia of data ccnceming It also briefly describes cerbin currently un- the t.rget towud which the mechanism of feasible mechsnisrns. Chapter 10 provides a eflect ia directed. Methods of collecting termi- qualitavve discussion oi the major sources of MI ballistic dnta are described that are vulnerab~lityo f missiles and of satellites. The specifidly rrhted to thc incapacitation or dc- characteristics of both, and 3f their components, feat of particular Wts. Aim discussed is the are briefly described in terms of some of the synthesis of that &ta u necessary for the means by which they may be defeated. Chapter predictiun of kill probabilities. A g ~ ndtea l of 11 discitss- rllethods for obtaining terminal trlliatic data is presented. cich mmt of the ballistic data orl missile and space targets, as information included for the purpose of ahow- well the means of using data for quantitative ing how raw &ta from ballistic tcsb are or- JU results. ganized and pmenttd. Some of the data, such M penetrrtion curves and component d a m p The handbooks were prepared under th- drta. should prwc useful for @nerd reference direction of the Engineering Handbook OfRce, P u m . Duke University under contract to the United States Anny. Thc material for the handbooks Of the four chapten coastitu5ng PART w u prepared by Aircraft Armaments, Inc., TWO, Chapter 5 is mncemed with the inupmi- with the teehrical assistance of the Ballistic tation and mortality of penonnel due to pro- Rcscarch Laboratories. Reviews and valuable jectilea, blaat, theinrl and nxlcrr radiation, contributions were made by personnel nf the and chcmid utd biological agents. Chapter 6 Frankford. Picatinny and Edgewood Arsenals is concerned with the inenpacitation and defeat (now of the Munitions Command); the Engi- of ground vehicla tu term of tat puuneten neer Research and Development Laboratory for pmjectila, umcr material, and penetntion (now of the Mobility Command) ; and the Red- fonnulu, and in tcm of test and data genera- stone Arsenal of the Missile Command. :ion and dysia, W i t ye valuation methods, and in the synthesb of kill proMility from Comments and inquiricr on these handbooIra nudeu weaponr. Clupkr 7 d u bw ith ground rhould be addressed to Anny Research Office rtructunl targets of v8rioua in tern of (Durham), Box CM, Duke Station, Durham, c. fuU-Klila expriwa4 model loading testa, N. uulyna and tab to obtain map on^ data, Since preparation of the kxt of this hand- &o f wutime bomb damge and of c a b book, mponsibility for design and for all other trophic raidtntr, and with the ryntheis of functions pertaining to Army materiel, indud- prohbilitiea of ground target dunage. Chapter ing publication of this series of handbcoks. hrr 8 L a dimmion of kill rmch.ah in tenas of been assumed by the Anny Materiel Command. aircraft d.rmgc. a conaideration of damage b Any indicated responsibility of the Ordnance prim aimmft wmpoamtr in both optntiopl.l Corps in this regard should be understood u d teat cnvironnrmtr. methodr of teat and data the responsibility of the Army Matcrie: Com- op\cratiCn, aad the ryathab of d a k mand. PART THREE (AMCP 706-162) dimuses Infomution on resulting changes in hand- the tuy& of the future, h i l aa nd aatellitu, book designation, together with a current list and the application of the principles discuaxd of handbooks, is contained on the inside bock inPABTSONEand17KOtathe.#rclroft hcae cover. iii PREFACE Introduction, Kill Mcchanums, and Vulnerabilitg, forming PART ONE of Elomento of Terminal Ballistics, contains Chapters 1 through 4. Chapter 1 provides a brief history of terminf ballistics and a summary of current area8 of interest in Terminal Ballistics. Chnpter 2 describes the various kill mechanisms, that is, the m&- isms for obtaining terminal ballistic effects. Chapter 3 oovers target vulnerability for targeta consisting of personnel, ground vehicles, aircraft, and surface and underground structures. Chaptcr 4 covers the euliection and analysis of data concerning kill mechanisms. A glonsary and an index are included as part of this handbook. The other handbooks which, together with this volume, eomprho Ele- menbof Terminal Ballistics are: ASICP 706-161 (S) PART TWO, Collectmn and Analysis of Data Concerning Tarpets (U) AJICP 706-162 (S-RD) PART THREE. Applicntion to Missile and Spw Targety (U) UNCLASSIFIED @ - TAlbE OF CBNTENtS cnmm I INTRODUCTION SecHu I d r i d HlrCv d Terminal kUlrHcs .............. PRE NINETEENTH CENTITRY 1-1 .............. THE NINETEENTH CENTURY 1-1 Geecral ................................... .. 1861-Amr Bndred with Vuious !ht&& ........... 1862-18B4--Simt810ted Ship Tqrpds ................... 1 8 6 k n d ForLin~xtions 1871Si1nuLted Ship T m wi th S m ..................................... Armor .................... lW2-Ship Turret Tub 187eEarly Ule of a U v eE r p ~ vCeh sl.-m - - THE TWENTIETH CENTWY TIIROUGH .......................... W O W WAR I1 l-a - ....... POST WORLD WAR I1 THBOUGII 1- 1-1 - - PERFORJIANCE OF EQUIPYEST IN A NU- ................... CLEAR ENVIRONMENT 1 4 ...................... ....... DETONATION I: 1-3 - ... :. ............. HYPE2VEU)CITY IMPACT 1-4 SHAPED CHARGES ......................... 1 4 .......,.....,. .......... GROUND SHOCK i.. 1-1 ................................. AlILBWST 1 4 ....................... WOUND BALLJSTICS 1 4 - , UNCLASSIFIED. TABLE OF CONTENTS (cant) CHAPTER 2 YIU MECHANISMS Swfioa Lhogmnh ............................ INTRODLICTION ............... PRINCIPLES OF OPERATIOX TIK('OSTR0UED FRAGMENTS ............ ............................... Wripli ur; ...................... ........ E~iplt,.r .,. ................. CUXT1:OUED. .F.R.A..G.M..E..N.T.S. ...... . ........... Drwiption ................................ Ad rantayes ................. PREFORBIED FRAGMENTS ................ SECONDARY PRACMENTJ ........................ CONTINUOVS RODS ..... BYPERVELOCITY FRAG1IENT IMPACT ................................ Description ............... Faect of SIypervcbeity Impnct .................. Stages of Crater Fonnatio~~ koti.n IW.lY ?*tiler ........................... INTRODUCTIOS ................................. BtiI.LETS .............................. FLECIIETTES ARMOR-PIERCING (AP) PROJECTILES ...a. HIGH EXPLOSIVE PlrASI'IC (KEPI ROL'NDS KNIVES. BAYONETS, AND araows ....... ... ................... ..... IKTRODUCTIOS ................ PRILCIPLES OF OPERATION ........................ JET PESETRATION ................... I'ENETRATION FACTORS T m D e~ity,a nd Rate of Dcto~tiono f -10- .............................. live Charge ...................... Confinement of Charm! UNCLASSIFIED