FOHJOFFSJOH!DIFNJTUSZ.J Tfdpoe!Fejujpo Bcpvu!uif!Bvuips P Krishnamoorthy is presently working as Asst. Professor in post- Graduate and Research Department of Chemistry, Dr. Ambedkar Government Arts College, Vyasarpadi, Chennai. He received his M.Sc., M.Phil., M.Ed., in chemistry from Madurai-Kamaraj University and his Ph.D from Anna University. He worked in the Priyadarshini Engineering College, Vaniyambadi, for 10 years and St.Joseph’s College of Engineering for 4 years. He has 20 years of teaching experience. P Krishnamoorthy has published many books and many research papers in various national and international journals. He has also attended and presented papers in several national and international conferences. FOHJOFFSJOH!DIFNJTUSZ.J Tfdpoe!Fejujpo P Krishnamoorthy Assistant Professor Post-Graduate & Research Department of Chemistry Dr. Ambedkar Govt. Arts College Vyasarpadi, Chennai Tamil Nadu McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited NEW DELHI McGraw Hill Education Offices New Delhi New York St Louis San Francisco Auckland Bogotá Caracas Kuala Lumpur Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan Montreal San Juan Santiago Singapore Sydney Tokyo Toronto McGraw Hill Education (India)!Qsjwbuf!Mjnjufe Qvcmjtife!cz!NdHsbx!Ijmm!Fevdbujpo!)Joejb*!Qsjwbuf!Mjnjufe Q.35-!Hsffo!Qbsl!Fyufotjpo-!Ofx!Efmij!221!127 Fohjoffsjoh!Difnjtusz.J Dpqzsjhiu!©!3125-!3123-!cz!NdHsbx!Ijmm!Fevdbujpo!)Joejb*!Qsjwbuf!Mjnjufe/ Op!qbsu!pg!uijt!qvcmjdbujpo!nbz!cf!sfqspevdfe!ps!ejtusjcvufe!jo!boz!gpsn!ps!cz!boz!nfbot-! fmfduspojd-!nfdibojdbm-!qipupdpqzjoh-!sfdpsejoh-!ps!puifsxjtf!ps!tupsfe!jo!b!ebubcbtf!ps! sfusjfwbm!tztufn!xjuipvu!uif!qsjps!xsjuufo!qfsnjttjpo!pg!uif!qvcmjtifst/!Uif!qsphsbn!mjtujoht! )jg!boz*!nbz!cf!foufsfe-!tupsfe!boe!fyfdvufe!jo!b!dpnqvufs!tztufn-!cvu!uifz!nbz!opu!cf! sfqspevdfe!gps!qvcmjdbujpo/ Uijt!fejujpo!dbo!cf!fyqpsufe!gspn!Joejb!pomz!cz!uif!qvcmjtifst- NdHsbx!Ijmm!Fevdbujpo!)Joejb*!Qsjwbuf!Mjnjufe/ ISBN (13 digit): 978-93-3920-550-8 ISBN (10 digit): 93-3920-550-2 Nbobhjoh!Ejsfdups;!Lbvtijl!Cfmmboj IfbeÐIjhifs!Fevdbujpo!)Qvcmjtijoh!boe!Nbslfujoh*;!Wjcib!Nbibkbo Tfojps!Qvcmjtijoh!Nbobhfs!)TFN!'!Ufdi/!Fe/*;!Tibmjoj!Kib Fejupsjbm!FyfdvujwfÐBdrvjtjujpot;!T!Wbntj!Effqbl NbobhfsÐQspevdujpo!Tztufnt;!Tbujoefs!T!Cbwfkb Tfojps!Qspevdujpo!Fyfdvujwf;!Tvibjc!Bmj Bttjtubou!Hfofsbm!Nbobhfs!)Nbslfujoh*ÐIjhifs!Fevdbujpo;!Wjkbz!Tbsbuij Bttjtubou!Qspevdu!Nbobhfs;!Ujob!Kbkpsjzb Tfojps!Hsbqijd!EftjhofsÐDpwfs;!Nffov!Sbhibw Hfofsbm!NbobhfsÐQspevdujpo;!Sbkfoefs!Q!Hibotfmb NbobhfsÐQspevdujpo;!Sfkj!Lvnbs Jogpsnbujpo!dpoubjofe!jo!uijt!xpsl!ibt!cffo!pcubjofe!cz!NdHsbx!Ijmm!Fevdbujpo!)Joejb*-! gspn!tpvsdft!cfmjfwfe!up!cf!sfmjbcmf/!Ipxfwfs-!ofjuifs!NdHsbx!Ijmm!Fevdbujpo!)Joejb*!ops! jut!bvuipst!hvbsbouff!uif!bddvsbdz!ps!dpnqmfufoftt!pg!boz!jogpsnbujpo!qvcmjtife!ifsfjo-!boe! ofjuifs!NdHsbx!Ijmm!Fevdbujpo!)Joejb*!ops!jut!bvuipst!tibmm!cf!sftqpotjcmf!gps!boz!fsspst-! pnjttjpot-!ps!ebnbhft!bsjtjoh!pvu!pg!vtf!pg!uijt!jogpsnbujpo/!Uijt!xpsl!jt!qvcmjtife!xjui!uif! voefstuboejoh!uibu!NdHsbx!Ijmm!Fevdbujpo!)Joejb*!boe!jut!bvuipst!bsf!tvqqmzjoh!jogpsnbujpo! cvu!bsf!opu!buufnqujoh!up!sfoefs!fohjoffsjoh!ps!puifs!qspgfttjpobm!tfswjdft/!Jg!tvdi!tfswjdft!bsf! sfrvjsfe-!uif!bttjtubodf!pg!bo!bqqspqsjbuf!qspgfttjpobm!tipvme!cf!tpvhiu/ Uzqftfu!bu!Ufk!Dpnqptfst-!X[!4:2-!Nbejqvs-!Ofx!Efmij!221!174!boe!qsjoufe!bu Dpwfs!Qsjoufs;! Dedicated to My Beloved Parents Thiru S Periasamy and Thirumathy P Boomathy Dpoufout Preface xi Acknowledgements xiii Unit-I Polymer Chemistry 1. Polymer Chemistry 3 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Functionality and its Importance 4 1.3 Classification of Polymers 4 1.4 Types of Polymerisation 8 1.5 Mechanism of Addition Polymerisation 11 1.6 Properties of Polymers 15 1.7 Techniques of Polymerisation 19 1.8 Nylon 6, 6 Polymer (Polyamides) 22 1.9 Epoxide (or) Epoxy Resins 24 Questions 26 Unit-II Chemical Thermodynamics 2. Chemical Thermodynamics 33 2.1 Introduction 33 2.2 Terminology of Thermodynamics 34 2.3 Second Law of Thermodynamics 38 2.4 Entropy 39 2.5 Entropy Change for an Ideal Gas 40 2.6 Entropy Change for Reversible (Nonspontaneous) Process 43 2.7 Entropy Change for Irreversible (Spontaneous) Process 44 2.8 Entropy Change in Physical Transformation 45 viii Contents 2.9 Free Energy 49 2.10 Helmholtz Free-energy Function (A) and Work 50 2.11 Gibbs Free-energy Function and Work 51 2.12 Criteria of Spontaneity 54 2.13 Gibbs–Helmholtz Equation 56 2.14 Clausius–Clapeyron Equation 63 2.15 Maxwell Relations 65 2.16 Van't Hoff Isotherm 69 2.17 Van't Hoff Equation (Van’t Hoff Isochore) 71 Exercises 77 Questions 78 Unit-III Photochemistry and Spectroscopy 3. Photochemistry and Spectroscopy 85 3.1 Photochemistry–Introduction 85 3.2 Laws of Photochemistry 86 3.3 Beer’s Law (or) Beer–Lambert’s Law 90 3.4 Quantum Yield or Quantum Efficiency 98 3.5 Experimental Determination of Quantum Yield 100 3.6 Photophysical Processes (Fluorescence and Phosphorescence) 102 3.7 Energy Transfer in Photochemical Reaction (Photosensitisation and Quenching) 106 3.8 Chemiluminescence (Cold light) 109 3.9 Spectroscopy 114 3.10 Electromagnetic Spectrum 116 3.11 Absorption and Emission of Radiation 116 3.12 Classification of Molecular Spectra 117 3.13 Ultraviolet (UV) and Visible Spectroscopy 126 3.14 Infrared Spectroscopy 135 Questions 144 Unit-IV Phase Rule and Alloys 4. Phase Rule and Alloys 151 4.1 Phase Rule: Introduction 151 4.2 Terms Involved in Phase Rule 152 Contents ix 4.3 Application of Phase Rule to Various Component Systems 156 4.4 Construction of Phase Diagram by Thermal Analysis 161 4.5 Phase Diagram of Lead–silver System 163 4.6 Alloys 168 4.7 Importance of Alloys 169 4.8 Applications of Alloy Steels 172 4.9 Heat Treatment of Alloys (Steel) 178 Questions 181 Unit-V Nanochemistry 5. Nanochemistry 191 5.1 Basic Introduction of Nanochemistry 191 5.2 Distinction between Molecules, Nanoparticles and Bulk 191 5.3 Size-dependent Properties of Nanomaterials 192 5.4 Nanoparticles 193 5.5 Nanoclusters 194 5.6 Nanorods 194 5.7 Nanotubes (CNT) 195 5.8 Nanowires 199 5.9 Synthesis of Nanoparticles 200 5.10 Properties of Nanoparticles 205 5.11 Application of Nanoparticles 212 5.12 Applications in Fuel Cells 213 5.13 Catalysis and use of Gold Nanoparticles in Medicine 214 Questions 218 Summary 220 Question Papers Q.1–Q.24