As per the New Syllabus Effective R 2015 Engineering Chemistry First Edition ii Contents About the Authors K N Jayaveera is retired Professor of Chemistry and former Director, JNTU Oil Technological Research Institute, Anantapur. He has a PhD degree in Chemistry from JNTU, Hyderabad (1991) and MSc in Chemistry from S V University, Tirupati (1975). He has more than 38 years of teaching and research experience at JNTU-A. He is a recipient of the state award as best teacher in university education for the year 2009 sponsored by the State Government of Andhra Pradesh. He was nominated by Department of Bio-technology, Govt. of India, New Delhi, as Member of Programme Review Committee of Bio-Engineering for Bio-Energy and Bio-Fuels; and also in, ICAR, Govt. of India, as a Research Advisory Committee Member for Directorate of Oil Seed Research, Hyderabad. Dr Jayaveera has authored several books, and published and edited several journals under the Science- Tech Foundation. He has guided 35 PhD scholars, and 15 students are presently pursuing PhD under his supervision. He has operated several research projects and has many research publications— national (150) and international (125)—to his credit. He has handled several consultancy projects and is Life Member of Indian Technical Education, Life Fellow of Institution Chemists (INDIA), Member of BIS and Member of advisory body of Oil Technologists Association, Indian Chemical Society and Association of Food Scientists and Technologists (India). He was the former Chairman of Board of Studies of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Member of Board of Studies of Chemistry, JNTU, Hyderabad. G V Subba Reddy is Professor & Head of Chemistry and also the Vice Principal, JNTU-A College of Engineering, Pulivendula. He has done his PhD in Chemistry (1997), MSc in Analytical Chemistry (1991), BSc (1989) from S V University, Tirupati, and B.Ed. (1992) from the Annamalai University, Tamil Nadu. He has more than 20 years of teaching experience with Sri Kalahasteeswara Institute of Technology (SKIT), Srikalahasti, Chittoor (District) and JNTU-A College of Engineering, Pulivendula; and rich industrial experience with Sumitra Pharmaceuticals & Fine Chemicals (A P) and Plant Organics Pvt Ltd. (A P). He is presently supervising 15 students, who are pursuing their PhD degrees. Presently, Dr. Reddy is the Vice Principal at JNTUA College of Engineering, Pulivendula. Dr Subba Reddy is a Life Member, ISTE, Life Member, ASCI, Chairman Board of Studies, Chemistry, for JNTU Anantapur, JNTU Anantapur College of Engineering, Pulivendula and Member Board of Studies, Pharmacy. He is also the member of the Governing Body for affiliated Pharmacy and Engineering colleges. His research interest lies in the areas of analytical chemistry, electrochemistry, environmental chemistry, inorganic chemistry and synthetic chemistry. He has more than 50 research publications in various reputed National and International journals. Dr. Reddy has completed one major research project, funded by BRNS, Bombay in December, 2013. He has guided 6 PhD scholars, and 10 students are presently pursuing PhD under his supervision. He stood first in Analytical Chemistry for which he was awarded the Dr. Suryanarayana Murthy Memorial Award for the year 1991. He has been actively involved in the developments of drugs like Ibuprofen, Norfloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Ranitidine and Pefloxacin, and also in the Electro-Analytical techniques in drug analysis. Dr. C. Ramachandraiah is Assistant professor (Sr) & Head of chemistry, Sri Kalahasteswara Institute of Technology (SKIT), Srikalahasti, Chittoor (District). His educational qualifications are MSc, MPhil, BEd and PhD. His area of specialization is inorganic chemistry. His research interest lies in the area of Inorganic chemistry, Analytical chemistry and Environmental chemistry for both UG and PG. He is the member of Board of studies of Chemistry, JNTUA, Anantapur. He has more than 26 years of teaching experience in Applied Chemistry, Engineering Chemistry and Environmental Studies. He has contributed to several research publications in reputed National and International journals. He has attended various conferences, seminars and presented papers, both in national as well as international platforms. Several students are pursuing PhD degrees under his guidance. As per the New Contents iii Syllabus Effective R 2015 Engineering Chemistry First Edition K N Jayaveera Retd Professor of Chemistry & Former Director of OTRI JNTU Collage of Engineering Anantapur, A.P. G V Subba Reddy Vice Principal Professor & Head Department of Chemistry JNTU-A College of Engineering Pulivendula, A P C Ramachandraiah Assistant Professor (Sr) Department of Chemistry Srikalahsteeswara Institute of Technology (SKIT) Srikalahsti, A P McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited NEW DELHI McGraw Hill Education Offi ces New Delhi New York St Louis San Francisco Auckland Bogotá Caracas Kuala Lumpur Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan Montreal San Juan Santiago Singapore Sydney Tokyo Toronto McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited Published by McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited P-24, Green Park Extension, New Delhi 110 016 Engineering Chemistry, 1e Copyright © 2016, by McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited. 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Typeset at Text-o-Graphics, B-1/56, Aravali Apartment, Sector-34, Noida 201 301, and printed at Cover Printer: Visit us at: www.mheducation.co.in Contents Preface ix 1. Electrochemistry 1-66 1.1 Electrochemical cells 2 1.2 Batteries 18 1.3 Fuel Cells 21 1.4 Electrochemical Sensors 24 1.5 Science of Corrosion 30 1.6 Types of Corrosion 31 1.7 Theories of Corrosion 36 1.8 Galvanic Series 37 1.9 Galvanic Corrosion 38 1.10 Concentration Cell Corrosion or Differential Aeration Corrosion 38 1.11 Factors Influencing Corrosion 39 1.12 Nature of Corroding Environment 41 1.13 Control of Corrosion 42 1.14 Use of Inhibitors 43 1.15 Electroplating 44 1.16 Electroless Plating 46 1.17 Surface Coatings 46 Short Answer Questions 49 Review Question 51 Multiple Choice Questions 57 Fill Up the Blanks Questions 65 2. Polymers 67-106 2.1 Introduction 67 2.2 Basic Concepts 68 2.3 Polymerisation 71 vi Contents 2.4 Mechanism of Addition Polymerization 74 2.5 Mechanism of Condensation Polymerization 76 2.6 Plastomers 77 2.7 Elastomers 87 2.8 Synthetic Rubbers or Elastomers 90 2.9 Conducting Polymers 93 2.10 Liquid Crystals 95 2.11 Inorganic Polymers 97 Short Answer Question 100 Review Question 103 Multiple Choice Questions 104 Fill Up the Blanks Questions 106 3. Fuel Technology 107-138 3.1 Introduction 107 3.2 Classification of Fuels 107 3.3 Characteristics of a Good Fuel 108 3.4 Solid Fuels 108 3.5 Liquid Fuels 114 3.6 Gasoline 117 3.7 Power Alcohol 118 3.8 Synthetic Petrol 119 3.9 Gaseous Fuels 120 3.10 Calorific Value 123 3.11 Determination of Calorific Value by Bomb Calorimeter 124 3.12 Determination of Calorific Value by Junkers Gas Calorimeter 127 3.13 Combustion 128 3.14 Flue Gas Analysis by Orsat’s Apparatus 131 Short Answer Question 132 Review Questions 134 Multiple Choice Questions 136 Fill Up the Blanks Questions 137 4. Chemistry of Engineering Materials 139-208 4.1 Semiconductor Materials 140 4.2 Superconductors 144 4.3 Magnetic Materials 146 4.4 Cement 151 4.5 Refractories 156 4.6 lubricants 160 Contents vii 4.7 Rocket Propellants 176 4.8 Nanomaterials 178 4.9 Insulators 186 4.10 Thermal Insulators 189 4.11 Explosives 190 Short Answer Question 194 Review Questions 196 Multiple Choice Questions 200 Fill Up the Blanks Questions 206 5. Water Treatment 209-245 5.1 Introduction 209 5.2 Sources of Water 209 5.3 Types of Impurities in Water 210 5.4 Hardness of Water 211 5.5 Estimation of Hardness by EDTA Method 216 5.6 Alkalinity 219 5.7 Chlorides 220 5.8 Acidity 221 5.9 Treatment of Water for Domestic Purpose 222 5.10 Water for Steam Making 224 5.11 Boiler Troubles 224 5.12 Softening of Water 228 5.13 Analysis of Water 236 5.14 Demineralisation of Brakish Water 237 Short Answer Question 238 Review Questions 242 Multiple Choice Questions 243 Fill Up the Blanks Questions 245 6. Phase Rule 246-260 6.1 Introduction 246 6.2 Phase Diagram for 1-Component System (Water System) 248 6.3 Two-component System 250 6.4 Heat Treatment of Alloys 255 Short Answer Questions 256 Review Questions 257 Multiple Choice Questions 259 Appendix 261 Model Question Paper 1 267 Model Question Paper 2 270 Preface Science knows no country, because knowledge belongs to humanity, and is the torch which illuminates the world. – Louis Pasteur Chemistry affords two general methods of determining the constituent principles of bodies, the method of analysis, and that of synthesis. When, for instance, by combining water with alcohol, we form the species of liquor called, in commercial language, brandy or spirit of wine, we certainly have a right to conclude, that brandy, or spirit of wine, is composed of alcohol combined with water. We can produce the same result by the analytical method; and in general it ought to be considered as a principle in chemical science, never to rest satisfied without both these species of proofs. We have this advantage in the analysis of atmospherical air, being able both to de-compound it, and to form it anew in the most satisfactory manner – Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier (Father of Chemistry) Order and simplification are the first steps towards the mastery of the subject. – Thomas Mann The priest persuades the humble people to endure their hard lot, the politician urges them to rebel against it and the scientist thinks of a method that does away the hard lot altogether. – Max Perutx (Nobel Laureate) Chemistry is a branch of science that deals with preparation, composition, properties, structures and reactions of material substances. Since diverse substances are available in nature, the chemical processes are ubiquitous with a vast scope. Chemistry has interfaces with all scientific disciplines and thus, knowledge of the subject is essential for understanding nature as well as for the progress of society. Today, a well-trained chemist contributes not only to the growth of chemical science and industry but also in various emerging areas of sciences such as material science and biotechnology, nanotechnology and engineering technology. It is rightly said that no branch of science has done more, or promises more in this respect than chemistry. Moreover, thorough knowledge of chemistry provides the requisite expertise to deal with challenges in disciplines of engineering related to design and development of new materials. Many constituents of quality control—an important aspect of engineering—are basically chemical in nature. x Preface New developments in the field of chemistry such as ion-exchange resins, high polymers, quantum chemistry, nuclear chemistry, surface chemistry, catalysis, spectroscopy, chromatography, nanomaterials, liquid crystals and metallurgy have their roots deeply embedded in the development of engineering and technology. Chemistry has played a vital role in creating new materials such as fibers, composites, refractories, bonding materials, insulators, conducting polymers, liquid crystals, superconductors, alloys, paints, batteries, fuels, fuel cells, explosives, propellants, semiconductors and lubricants that have varied engineering applications. These materials are scaled to nano size for use in electronics and computer science, for example, minimisation of supercomputers and electronics components. Hence, we see that chemistry makes important contributions in the development of science and technology. Readers This book is intended for use in all branches of Engineering and Technology. It serves as an introductory text to first-year students, enabling them to understand basic principles and updating them on the advancements in the ever-growing field of chemistry. The contents of this book have been carefully planned to cover the syllabi of most Indian universities, particularly the foundation course in the first year at Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Anantapur . It would also serve as a ready reference for preparation of competitive examinations. Rationale In many universities, Engineering Ehemistry has been introduced as a paper at the undergraduate level. But there are hardly any books available that provide requisite syllabus compatibility and right pedagogy. Therefore, this book has been structured as per the revised syllabus (current academic year 2014 – 15) for the first-year students of JNTU, Anantapur. Focused coverage of syllabus, a variety of solved and unsolved numerical problems and exercises make this book student-friendly. While preparing this textbook, due attention has been given to provide comprehensive coverage of all topics at the depth needed for the undergraduate students. Further, we have emphasised on presenting the content in the light of modern developments and in a very simple language and structured manner, so that students can easily understand the topics. A variety of solved problems and exercise problems, short questions with answers (115), review questions (365) includes short type and essay type questions, multiple choice questions (277) and fill in the blanks (111) are given in the chapters to aid students in understanding the subject precisely and thus, appear for university examinations with confidence. Organisation The book has been carefully crafted as per the new syllabus of Engineering Chemistry for the foundation course (first year) at Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Anantapur. The structuring provides a logical flow of concepts supplemented with clear illustrations. Chapter 1 on Electrochemistry provides a detailed exposition of review of electrochemical cells, Numerical calculations, Batteries which includes rechargeable batteries (Lead acid, Ni-Cd, Lithium Ion Batteries), Fuels cells with