Green Energy and Technology Atul Sharma Sanjay Kumar Kar Editors Energy Sustainability Through Green Energy Green Energy and Technology More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8059 Atul Sharma · Sanjay Kumar Kar Editors Energy Sustainability Through Green Energy 1 3 Editors Atul Sharma Sanjay Kumar Kar Mechanical Engineering Department of Management Studies Rajiv Gandhi Institute Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology of Petroleum Technology Rae Bareli Noida India India ISSN 1865-3529 ISSN 1865-3537 (electronic) Green Energy and Technology ISBN 978-81-322-2336-8 ISBN 978-81-322-2337-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-81-322-2337-5 Library of Congress Control Number: 2015934953 Springer New Delhi Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © Springer India 2015 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper Springer (India) Pvt. Ltd. is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Foreword The debate about climate changes due to industrial activity post mid-nineteenth century is no more a subject of academic discussions and modelling various s cenarios. The after-effects of greenhouse gas emissions due to human activity is there for all of us to see manifesting in the form of extreme climatic conditions. In November 2014, it was widely reported in newspapers that all the 50 states of the United States recorded sub-zero temperatures, a never heard before phenomenon. Coupled with such facts another challenge that the world is likely to face by 2030, according to some UN estimates, is the stress nexus of rising demands for water, food and energy. The growing population of the planet, which according to estimates is likely to be around 9 billion by 2050 as against 2 billion during the mid-nineteenth century and aspirations of people leading a reasonably decent lifestyle is putting more and more pressure on the existing congealed resources of our planet. And at the same time, it is also being realized that the days of easy oil are over. Oil (and its equiva- lents like gas) as a major source of primary energy is gradually to be explored in inhospitable, difficult and deeper terrains. Thus, the Energy Returned On Energy Invested (EROEI) has also gradually been reducing from the levels of 100:1 in the 1860s to somewhere around 17–18:1 in 2010 and is projected to fall further. This ratio, below the levels of 5–9:1, according to some estimates, will make oil pro- duction unviable with the available technology. Thus, energy being the quintessential requirement for human progress, two fundamental questions need to be considered in right earnest. The first being the ability to produce enough primary energy to meet demand and the second, not damaging the climate further with human activity leading to greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions beyond the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) recommended limits of 450 ppm. IPCC, in its latest deliberations, has brought out the following facts: 1. Average surface temperature has already increased by 0.85 °C over the period from 1880 to 2012. 2. Existing levels of three key GHGs—carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide—are the highest in at least 800,000 years. v vi Foreword 3. Global mean sea level rose by 19 cm from 1901 to 2010. 4. Period from 1983 to 2012 was the warmest 30-year period in the last 1,400 years. IPCC has further said that the world will have to totally phase out fossil fuels in power generation by the end of the century. These developments have, obviously, led to the search for commercially exploitable other sources of energy that while meeting human needs do not cause further damage to the environment for the sustenance of our planet. It is expected that energy mix of the planet will change substantially in the years to come. Green Energy or Renewable Energy is an area that will form a substantial por- tion of the energy mix in the country and will occupy centre stage in providing the much needed fillip to the void likely to be experienced by us in the near foresee- able future. There is enough promise for various green energy initiatives like solar, solar thermal, wind, bio-mass, hydro, hydrogen and nuclear power. It is, indeed, a very timely effort by Dr. Atul Sharma and Dr. Sanjay Kumar Kar, known to me for over five years now, from Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology (RGIPT), an institute of national importance, to have come out with a book that discusses myriad ways in which the natural resources of our well-endowed country can be made use of for meeting the energy needs of our millions of citizens without causing further damage to the environment. In course of my interactions with both the professors of RGIPT, which is co-promoted by various organizations from the petroleum industry, we have often discussed about the likely energy scenarios in the days ahead. During such discus- sions, the need to publish a book on energy sustainability was felt. I congratulate both the editors for having come out with the book which will be of immense help to students, practising managers and policy makers alike. Biswajit Roy Executive Director (HRD) Indian Oil Corporation Limited New Delhi Preface A few decades ago, energy sustainability was just thought in terms of accessibility relative to the rate of use. Today, in the context of the decent agenda of sustain- able growth, including concerns about global warming, greenhouse gas emissions, climate change and so on are very important issues. These include environmen- tal effects and the question of the energy generation process as well as emissions, which are the primary reasons for damage to the earth environment during energy production, distribution and consumption. Sustainable energy development criteria have been promoted in several years into the front line of energy policy, which also showed how we address our energy needs on a sustainable basis. Energy demand is likely to increase in the entire world, the ratio supplied by electricity is likely to rise rapidly, however, more energy demand is for continuous, and this qualitative consideration will continue to dominate in the energy sector. Meeting the needs of the present energy demand without compromising the needs of the future, the whole world has to pay attention to the energy sustainability, so that environmental protection remains equally important at the same time. Energy sustainability could drive environment friendly technological innovations with via- ble techno-commercial applications for social upliftment. Renewable resources such as solar energy, wind energy, biomass, bio-gas and bio-fuels, hydro energy provide a source of sustainable energy. Worldwide, renew- able energy resources are available to supply the expanding energy needs without environmental damage. However, the current renewable energy share is less in the worldwide energy production. It is an acknowledged fact that it should have been much higher as much as in favour of the environment, which is the most essential issue globally. Almost everywhere in the globe, clean energy production is given much attention due to the current environmental issues, which can only be solved by the renewables. Many countries are making significant efforts to move up the renewable energy ratio and overall approximated 19 % of global energy consump- tion produced by renewable energy in 2012 which continued to grow in 2013. The aim of this book is to share the latest developments and advances in mate- rials and processes involved in green energy generation, transmission-distribution, storage, etc., with chapters written by professors and researchers in the energy vii viii Preface and materials field, using original research materials. This book may be used as a reference book in college/university/training institute/professionals all over the world. This book can also be referred in all the green energy-related laboratories, industries and academic libraries and as a refereed book for “Alternative Energy Sources, Renewable Energy Resources, Climate Change, Energy Sustainability, Energy Policies etc.” for undergraduate and graduate students. The book presents a perfect blend of research and practice explained in a very simplistic manner. It also covers the sustainable provision of energy that meets the needs of the present without compromising on the ability of future generations to meet their needs. Rae Bareli, India Atul Sharma Noida, India Sanjay Kumar Kar Overview of the Book The increasing level of greenhouse gas emissions and the rise in fuel prices are the main reason for efforts to more effectively use various sources of renewable energy. Scientists all over the world are in search of sustainable energy options, which demands sustainable planning of sustainable energy developments. This confirms that the urgency of meeting the present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to satisfy their needs. Increasing the share of green energy sources can trim down greenhouse gas emissions, which is a major factor in global warming as well as climate change worldwide. The operating cost of technologies to capture green energy, which is speedily declining and becoming economically competitive with fossil fuels, while also reducing the risk of climate change is what is actually needed worldwide. Investing in green energy creates a bunch of jobs, quick economic growth, and improves energy security, which is highly required worldwide because of shortage of fossil fuel resources. The book explores the latest developments and advances in materials and processes involved in energy generation, transmission-distribution and storage, etc., and chapters written by several scientists, researchers and academicians in the field of energy. The results and recommendations are essential reading for poli- cymakers, professionals, researchers and anyone concerned with energy sustain- ability through green energy. The book with 19 chapters is divided into six parts, which include relevant topics presented in detail below: • Solar energy • Wind energy • Green buildings • Thermal energy Storage • Bio-mass, Bio-fuels, Bio-gas • Other Green Energy ix