L S 0 Energy dependence of the / production cross section ratio in p–p interactions. P. Kowina , H.-H. Adam†, A. Budzanowski , R. Czyz˙ykiewicz‡, ∗ ∗∗ D. Grzonka , M. Janusz§, L. Jarczyk§, B. Kamys§, A. Khoukaz†, ∗ 4 K. Kilian , P. Moskal , W. Oelert , C. Piskor-Ignatowicz§, J. Przerwa§, ∗ ∗ ∗ 0 T. Roz˙ek , R. Santo†, G. Schepers , T. Sefzick , M. Siemaszko¶, 0 ∗ ∗ ∗ 2 J. Smyrski§, A. Strzałkowski§, A. Täschner†, P. Winter , M. Wolke , ∗ ∗ n P. Wüstner and W. Zipper¶ k a J 9 ∗IKP,ForschungszentrumJülich,D-52425Jülich,Germany 1 †IKP,WestfälischeWilhelms–Universität,D-48149Münster,Germany H.Niewodniczan´skiInstituteofNuclearPhysics,PL-31-342Cracow,Poland ∗∗ 1 ‡M.SmoluchowskiInstituteofPhysics,JagellonianUniversity,PL-30-059Cracow,Poland,IKP, v ForschungszentrumJülich,D-52425Jülich,Germany 0 §M.SmoluchowskiInstituteofPhysics,JagellonianUniversity,PL-30-059Cracow,Poland 2 ¶InstituteofPhysics,UniversityofSilesia,PL-40-007Katowice,Poland 0 ZEL,ForschungszentrumJülich,D-52425Jülich,Germany 1 k 0 4 Abstract. Measurements of the near threshold L and S 0 production via the pp pK+L /S 0 0 reactionatCOSY–11haveshownthattheL /S 0crosssectionratioexceedsthevaluea→thighexcess / x energies(Q 300MeV)byanorderofmagnitude.Forabetterunderstandingadditionaldatahave e beentakenb≥etween13MeVand60MeVexcessenergy. - Withinthefirst20MeVexcessenergyastrongdecreaseofthecrosssectionratioisobserved,with l c alesssteepdecreaseinthehigherexcessenergyrange. u Adescriptionofthedatawithaparametrisationincluding p Y finalstate interactionssuggestsa n muchsmaller p S 0FSIcomparedtothe p L system. − v: − − i X r INTRODUCTION a At the COSY–11 facility [1] measurements of the L and S 0 hyperon production were performed via the pp pK+L and pp pK+S 0 reactions close to threshold [2] re- sulting in a cross secti→on s (L ) for the L →production which is more then one order of magnitudelarger thanthecrosssections (S 0) fortheS 0 production. Since the quark contents of these two hyperons are the same, based on the isospin relationsonly,theratioofthecrosssectionsR =s (L )/s (S 0)shouldbeequaltothree. Infact at highexcessenergies [3]aratio of 2.5isobservedincontrasttotheby more thenoneorderofmagnitudelarger R atthre∼shold. In order to understand this behavior, measurements [4] in the intermediate energy range(13MeV Q 60MeV),wheretheratioR wasexpectedtodecreasefrom 28 ≤ ≤ ∼ to 2.5,havebeen performed. ∼ EXPERIMENT The measurements of the hyperon production were performed at the COSY–11 facil- ity[1,5](see figure1)at theCoolerSynchrotronCOSY-Jülich [6]. a) Ctalurgsteetr Dipole magnet b) S4 Si DIPOLE V1 S2 PROTON 2015105 BEAM neutrons 2212116711216712 23181383 D1 2419149 4 D2 S1 K+ p CTLAURSGTEETR K+ NEUTDREATLE PCATROTRICLES EXIT WINDOW pp p K + S 0 S2 START D1 DETECTOR D2 S1 S3 + + pp n K S S3 FIGURE1. a)COSY–11facility. b)Setupextendedbythestartandneutralparticledetectorsusedin themeasurementsofthe pp nK+S + reaction. → One of the regular COSY dipole magnets serves as a magnetic spectrometer with a H clusterbeamtarget[7]installedinfrontofit.Theinteractionbetweenaprotonofthe 2 beam with a proton of the cluster target may lead to the production of neutral hyperons (S 0, L )viathereactions pp pK+L (S 0). Events of the pK+L (S 0)→production are selected by the detection of both positively charged particles in the exit channel (i.e. proton and K+). The unobserved neutral particleis identifiedviathemissingmassmethod. Positively charged ejectiles are directed from the circulating beam by the magnetic field ofthedipoletowardstheinnerpart oftheCOSY ring, wherethey areregistered in a set of two drift chambers D1 and D2 for the track determination. Their momenta are reconstructedbytrackingbacktheparticlesthroughthewellknownmagneticfieldtothe assumedinteractionpoint.Thevelocitiesoftheejectiles aregivenbyameasurementof the timeof flight between the S1(S2) start and the S3 stop scintillatorhodoscopes from which in combination with the momentum the invariant mass of the particle is given. Therefore, the four-momentum vectors for all positively charged particles are known andthefour-momentumoftheunobservedneutral hyperonisuniquelydetermined. To avoid systematical uncertainties as much as possible, COSY was operated in the ”supercycle mode” i.e. the beam momenta were changed between the cycles, such that for example 10 cycles with a beam momentum corresponding to the excess energy Q=20MeVabovetheS 0 thresholdwerefollowedbyonecyclewiththesameQabove the L production threshold. The ratio of the number of the cycles was chosen inversely proportionaltotheratiooftheexpectedcrosssectionsfortheL andS 0production.Thus, both cross sections were measured under the same conditions and possible changes in the detection system did not influence the data taking procedure, especially for the determinationofthecross sectionratio. The extention of the detection system by an additional neutral particle detector (see figure 1b) allows for the measurements of neutrons in the exit channel. This upgrade of thedetectionsystemallowstoextendthestudyreportedinthispaperintotheproduction of charged hyperons, e.g via the pp nK+S + reaction. To increase the acceptance an additionalstartdetectorforK+ was i→nstalledinthesystem. RESULTS The hyperon production via pp pK+L (S 0) has been studied in the excess energy → range between 13 and 60 MeV. In figure 2a) and figure 2b) the excitation functions and the energy dependence of the cross section ratio are shown, respectively. The most drastic decrease of the cross section ratio is observed between 10 MeV and 20 MeV followingby alesssteep decrease towardshigherQ-values. The first published close–to–threshold data [2] have triggered many theoretical dis- cussions. The results of available calculations are shown in figure 2b) and are briefly discussedin thefollowingsection. nb ]104 atio40 cross section [ 110023 a) 0 cross section r2300 b) PSRubLm 8i3tt e(1d9 t9o9 E) P6J8 2A S/ L pp→pK+L 10 pp→pK+S 0 10 1 0 0 20 40 60 0 20 40 60 excess energy [ MeV ] excess energy [ MeV ] FIGURE2. a)Totalcrosssectionsforthe pp pK+L and pp pK+S 0 production(fullsymbols[2, 8], open symbols [4] and triangle [9]). b) Cro→ss section ratio fo→r the pp pK+L and pp pK+S 0 → → reactions. Comparison with theoretical predictions Presently different theoretical calculations with various dominantproduction mecha- nismsare availablewhichreproduceat least thetrend ofthedata, seefigure 2b). Calculations by Sibirtsev, Tsushima et al. [10, 11] were performed within two dif- ferent models. In the first one – Boson Exchange Model – (dense dotted line) pion and Kaon exchange is considered as the most important mechanism of the hyperon pro- duction [12]. The second model (dotted line) bases on the assumption that the hyperon is produced in the decay of N resonances excited via the exchange of p , h and r ∗ mesons[11, 13]. Hyperon production via N resonances was also investigated by Shyam et al. [14] ∗ (dashed-dotted) where N (1650), N (1710), N (1720) were assumed to be excited ∗ ∗ ∗ by the exchange of the p , r , w and s mesons. The authors state that, at least close to threshold, the dominant contribution to the hyperon production is the N (1650) ∗ resonance. Gasparian et al. [15] performed calculations within the Jülich Meson Exchange Model,wherep andK-exchangewasassumedincludingtheinterferencebetweenthese two amplitudes (dashed line). It is observed by the authors, that in the case of the L production K-exchange is dominant and consequently constructive or destructive inter- ferencebetweenp andK-exchangegivesimilarresults.FortheS 0 production,however, the strength of the contributions from p and K exchange are comparable resulting in a strong reduction of the S 0 production with a destructive interference by which the ob- served cross sections at threshold are reproduced. Within their calculations [15, 16] the energy dependence of the cross section for other isospinchannels are predicted like the S + production in the reaction pp nK+S +. Here, the predicted behavior of the cross sections for destructiveand constr→uctivep and K-exchange is oppositeto that observed in S 0 production. For a destructive interference the cross section for pp nK+S + is → expectedto bea factorofthreehigherand forconstructiveinterference afactorofthree lowerthanthecross sectionfor pp pK+S 0. → Data in the other isospin channels will help to extract the dominant mechanisms in thethresholdhyperonproduction. Measurements of the pp nK+S + reaction have been already performed at the → COSY–11 facility.Thedataarepresentlyunderanalysis[17]. Effective range parameters The final state interactions of a two body subsystem in a 3-body final state like pK+Y influence the excitation function in the threshold region and its analysis allows to extract information on the effective range parameters (for review see ref. [18]). A parametrisationofthecrosssection whichrelates theshapeofthethresholdbehaviorto theeffectiverangeparameters is e.g. givenbyFäldt and Wilkin[19]: V 1 Q2 1 s = const ps = C . (1) · F ·(cid:0)1 + p1 + eQ′(cid:1)2 ′·ql (s,m2p,m2p)·(cid:0)1 + p1 + eQ′(cid:1)2 ThephasespacevolumeV and theflux factor Fare givenby[20]: ps V = p 3 √mpmK+mY Q2, F=2(2p )3n 4 l (s,m2,m2). (2) ps 2 3 − q p p (mp+mK++mY)2 withthetrianglefunctionl (x,y,z)=x2+y2+z2 2xy 2yz 2zx. The results of c 2 fits using the Fäldt and Wilk−in form−ula a−re presented in figure 2a) bythesolidlines(thedottedlinescorrespondtopureS-wavephasespacedistributions). The parameter e , which is related to the strength of the p Y final state interaction, ′ − andthenormalizationconstantC wereextractedbythefitsperformedforeach reaction ′ separatelyresultingin: C (L ) =(98.2 3.7)nb/MeV2 e (L )=(5.51+0.58)MeV ′ ± ′ 0.52 − C (S 0) =(2.97 0.27)nb/MeV2 e (S 0) =(133+108)MeV. ′ ± ′ 44 − AssumingonlyS-waveproduction,the p L (S 0)systemscanbedescribedusingthe − Bergman potentials[21], wherescattering lengthaˆ and effectiverangerˆare givenby: a +b 2 aˆ= , rˆ= , (3) ab a +b with a shape parameter b , and e = a 2/2m where m is the reduced mass of the p Y ′ system [21]. The negative value of a is chosen since (at least for p L ) an attrac−tive − interactionisexpected[22, 23]. The parameters aˆ and rˆ are interdependent and only correlations between them can be deduced. In figure 3 the correlations obtained for the p S 0 and p L systems are presented by solid and dashed lines, respectively. The erro−rs in e are−reflected in the ′ error ranges and shown in the figure by the thinner lines. The cross symbol represents the singlet and triplet averaged value of the p L scattering length and effective range parametersextracted from aFSI approach inth−resholdL production[24]. It seemsthat the p S 0 FSI aremuch smallerthantheFSI for p L system. − − 0 ) m ∧a(f-0.5 p-S 0 -1 -1.5 p-L -2 -2.5 -3 0 2 4 6 ∧ 8 r(fm) FIGURE 3. Correlation between the p S 0 (solid lines) and p L (dashed lines) effective range − − parameters. SUMMARY Measurementsoftheenergy dependenceofthetotalcross sectionsforthe pp pK+L and pp pK+S 0 production performed at the COSY–11 facility at excess→energies → between 14 and 60 MeV show that the cross section ratio strongly decreases in the excessenergy rangebetween 10 and 20MeV. 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