Energy Balance and Cancer 14 Elizabeth A. Platz Nathan A. Berger Editors Energy Balance and Prostate Cancer Energy Balance and Cancer Volume 14 Series Editor: Nathan A. Berger,  Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8282 Elizabeth A. Platz • Nathan A. Berger Editors Energy Balance and Prostate Cancer Editors Elizabeth A. Platz Nathan A. Berger Department of Epidemiology Center for Science, Health and Society Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School Case Western Reserve University of Public Health Cleveland, OH, USA Baltimore, MD, USA ISSN 2199-2622 ISSN 2199-2630 (electronic) Energy Balance and Cancer ISBN 978-3-319-64939-9 ISBN 978-3-319-64940-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-64940-5 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017952305 © Springer International Publishing AG 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifcally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microflms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifc statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Preface Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in American men with an age adjusted incidence of 123.2 per 100,000 men per year and 20 deaths per 100,000 per year. In 2017, it is estimated that there will be more than 161,360 new cases diagnosed and 26,730 deaths, making prostate cancer the third leading cause of cancer deaths in American men. Overall, it is estimated that 14% of men will be diagnosed with prostate cancer at some time during their lifetime and that the total number of US men living with some stage of prostate cancer reaches about 2.8 million. All aspects of prostate cancer including incidence, screening, diagnostic proce- dures, comorbid conditions, approach and response to therapeutic options including surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy as well as quality of life may be profoundly affected by overweight and obesity which is currently at pan- demic proportions, affecting 60–70% of the adult population. Overweight and obe- sity is particularly prevalent in the older adult population, where the peak incidence of prostate cancer is noted to be in 66-year-old men. The confuence of obesity with prostate cancer in older men has profound impli- cations for healthcare planning and has been the target of intense fundamental, epi- demiologic, and clinical research. In addition to obesity, the course of prostate cancer and its comorbidities may be signifcantly affected by other aspects of energy balance including physical activity and sleep. The overall goal of this volume will be to explore areas of research linking energy balance to prostate cancer, identify impact on understanding implications for prostate cancer prevention, clinical care, and mitigation, and manage men with prostate cancer as well as indications of future needs. The volume initially focuses on epidemiology of prostate cancer and its relation to energy balance in terms of incidence, recurrence, mortality, race, and genetics as well as mechanisms by which energy balance impacts prostate cancer and associated comorbidities. Subsequent chapters will concentrate on research trials and their clinical implications to prevent and/or enhance effects of energy balance in men with prostate cancer. This volume provides a comprehensive treatise on the latest studies concerning the interface of prostate cancer and energy balance which together constitute major challenges and v vi Preface opportunities for research scientist, clinicians, and healthcare planners, especially those dealing with the expanding geriatric population. We are pleased to have an international group of expert physicians and scientists to author these chapters on Energy Balance and Prostate Cancer. In Chap. 1, Nikos Papadimitriou, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece; Elena Critselis, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece; and Konstantinos K. Tsilidis, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece, and the School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom, provide an epidemiologic overview and critical appraisal of the literature indicating an association of obesity with prostate cancer, its appar- ent association with advanced and fatal prostate cancer, and research needed to further defne this relation. Chapter 2, by David S. Lopez, University of Texas, Houston TX, reviews racial and ethnic infuences on lifestyle factors affecting pros- tate cancer. In Chap. 3, Jeanette M. Schenk and Jonathan L. Wright, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and University of Washington, Seattle, WA, review the relationship between common obesity-related comorbidities and the impact of their therapy on prostate cancer. Cheryl L. Thompson and Mackenzie Reece, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland OH, in Chap. 4 discuss mechanisms by which adipokines mediate the association between obesity and prostate cancer risk and aggressiveness. In Chap. 5, Mieke Van Hemelrijck, King’s College London, UK, and Sabine Rohrmann, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, collaborate to discuss cross-s ectional and intervention studies to evaluate how alterations in energy metabolism potentially affect mediators of prostate cancer progression. Chapter 6, written by Daniel S. Han and J. Kellogg Parsons, University of California San Diego Health, CA, discusses the complex infuence of obesity on cancer screen- ing, diagnosis, and management. In Chap. 7, Grace Huang and Shehzad Basaria, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, discuss the important interaction and risks associated with obesity and androgen deprivation therapy in men with prostate can- cer. In Chap. 8, Ciaran M.  Fairman, the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; Alexander R.  Lucas, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC; Elizabeth Grainger, Steven K. Clinton, and Bryan C. Focht, the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, provide an in-depth analysis of dietary intervention and exercise in men with prostate cancer, and in Chap. 9, Yonaira M.  Rivera and Katherine Clegg Smith, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, discuss strategies and benefts of energy balance interventions in patients with prostate cancer. An important area of concern, not covered in this vol- ume due to lack of information, is the infuence of obesity on decision making and on outcomes of Active Surveillance, all of which forms an important focus for future research. Overall, this volume provides a comprehensive treatise on the latest studies link- ing prostate cancer with energy balance, which together constitute a major chal- lenge and opportunity for research scientists and clinicians especially those dealing with the expanding population of older men confronted with obesity and associated comorbidities. This volume should be a valuable resource to physicians, oncolo- gists, urologists, endocrinologists, nurses, nutritionists, dieticians, and exercise therapists dealing with men with energy balance issues and/or questions regarding Preface vii the linkage between energy balance and cancer. Moreover, this volume should serve as an important resource for cancer researchers, especially for scientists studying lifestyle modifcation and prevention strategies to better understand and disrupt the linkage between obesity and cancer. Baltimore, MD, USA Elizabeth A. Platz Cleveland, OH, USA Nathan A. Berger Contents 1 E pidemiology, Energy Balance and Prostate Cancer Incidence and Mortality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Nikos Papadimitriou, Elena Critselis, and Konstantinos K. Tsilidis 2 R acial/Ethnic Differences in the Association Between Energy Balance and Prostate Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 David S. Lopez 3 C onsequence of Energy Imbalance in Prostate Cancer and Comorbidities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Jeannette M. Schenk and Jonathan L. Wright 4 A dipokines and Prostate Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Cheryl L. Thompson and MacKenzie Reece 5 C ross-Sectional Epidemiology and Intervention Studies of Mediators of the Energy Imbalance-Prostate Cancer Association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Mieke Van Hemelrijck and Sabine Rohrmann 6 Impact of Metabolic Factors on Screening, Early Detection, and Management of Prostate Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Daniel S. Han and J. Kellogg Parsons 7 A ndrogen Deprivation Therapy for Prostate Cancer: Effects on Body Composition and Metabolic Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Grace Huang and Shehzad Basaria 8 T he Integration of Exercise and Dietary Lifestyle Interventions into Prostate Cancer Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Ciaran M. Fairman, Alexander R. Lucas, Elizabeth Grainger, Steven K. Clinton, and Brian C. Focht ix x Contents 9 E nergy Balance-Based Strategies to Reduce Consequences of Prostate Cancer: How to Communicate with Men . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 Yonaira M. Rivera and Katherine Clegg Smith I ndex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 List of Contributors Shehzad  Basaria Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Steven K. Clinton Division of Medical Oncology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA Elena  Critselis Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece Ciaran M. Fairman Kinesiology, Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA Brian C. Focht Kinesiology, Department of Human Sciences, OSU Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA Elizabeth  Grainger Division of Medical Oncology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA Daniel S. Han Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego Health, La Jolla, CA, USA Mieke  Van Hemelrijck Division of Cancer Studies, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, UK Grace  Huang Section on Men’s Health, Aging and Metabolism, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA David S. Lopez Division of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA Division of Urology, University of Texas-Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA Alexander  R.  Lucas Department of Social Sciences and Health Policy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston, Salem, NC, USA xi