Cover Page i Endophthalmitis Page ii This page intentionally left blank. Page iii Endophthalmitis Diagnosis and Management Gholam A Peyman MD Professor of Ophthalmology Tulane University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine New Orleans, LA, USA Paul J Lee MD Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, and Retina Consultants of Western New York 531 Farber Lakes Drive Williamsville, NY, USA David V Seal MD FRCOphth FRCPath DipBact MIBiol Visiting Professor Applied Vision Research Centre, City University Northampton Square London, UK With the assistance of Trisha Chiasson Editorial Consultant LONDON AND NEW YORK A MARTIN DUNITZ BOOK Page iv © 2004 Taylor & Francis, an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group First published in the United Kingdom in 2004 by Taylor & Francis, an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, OX14 4RN Tel.: +44 (0) 1235 828600 Fax.: +44 (0) 1235 829000 Email:[email protected] Website: http://www.dunitz.co.uk This edition published in the Taylor & Francis eLibrary, 2005. 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Library of Congress CataloginginPublication Data Data available on application ISBN Master ebook ISBN ISBN 1 84184 278 8 (Print Edition) Distributed in North and South America by Taylor & Francis 2000 NW Corporate Blvd Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA Within Continental USA Tel.: 800 272 7737; Fax.: 800 374 3401 Outside Continental USA Tel.: 561 994 0555; Fax.: 561 361 6018 Email: [email protected] Distributed in the rest of the world by Thomson Publishing Services Cheriton House North Way Andover, Hampshire SP10 5BE, UK Tel.: +44 (0)1264 332424 Email: [email protected] Composition by Scribe Design, Ashford, Kent, Great Britain Page v Dedication This book is dedicated to those members of the ASCRS (American Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgeons) and the ESCRS (European Society of Cataract and Refractive Surgeons) who have given their time and energy toward studying the best ways to prevent postoperative endophthalmitis after cataract surgery by both surgical and chemotherapeutic approaches. Their aim is to prevent and treat postoperative endophthalmitis to make intraocular procedures as safe as possible. Page vi This page intentionally left blank. Page vii Contents Dedication v Preface vii Acknowledgments viii 1 Inflammation 1 2 Immunology 13 3 Microbiology and molecular biology 25 4 Epidemiology 67 5 Pharmacokinetics 81 6 Exogenous endophthalmitis 101 7 Other causes of exogenous endophthalmitis 137 8 Management and treatment of endophthalmitis 161 9 Endogenous endophthalmitis 185 10 Differential diagnosis of endophthalmitis 209 11 Pharmacology 233 Index 269 Page viii This page intentionally left blank. Page ix Preface The rapid advance of our knowledge base and development of surgical techniques have culminated in a new era of ophthalmic care. Yet, new developments only broaden the horizon. For this we thank the pioneers as well as the innovators. They have led the paradigmatic shift from the ‘appropriate method’ of parenteral antibiotic delivery to the delineation of intravitreal techniques and the range of ‘appropriate’ antibiotics that we enjoy today. Many forthright investigators have been vilified for going against dogma. Yet, it is this spirit of challenging the ‘truth’ that has driven our field to its heights. The change of perspective of treating endophthalmitis with parenteral antibiotics in the 1960s to the current milieu of intravitreal injections has been challenging. Our collective psyche in approaching endophthalmitis as a feared condition to a manageable state is still evolution in the making. Our goal has been to summarize comprehensively the work that has been put into endophthalmitis. As in any body of knowledge, there have been many unacknowledged investigators who had planted the seeds which bore fruit. We are indebted to all whose effort contributed to the present state of understanding and management of endophthalmitis. With time, our knowledge will change, but our practice of knowledge will survive. The accuracy of our current position can only be determined retrospectively in the future. Gholam A Peyman Paul J Lee David V Seal