ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS “Brother Can You Spare A Dime?” MODERN DIME SIZE SILVER COINS OF THE WORLD WITH FOOTNOTES TO HISTORY Roger deWardt Lane This Revised Third Edition is presented in One Volume Covering all Countries of the World Within the Dime Size Silver Series From Afghanistan to Yemen Roger deWardt Lane, third generation hotel executive became interested in coins shortly after his young children started collecting foreign coins. Their interest soon waned and he continued the hobby. Selecting his daughter’s specialty he has assembled an extensive type and date collection of this series, which formed the basis of his studies of the subject. Starting before the current catalogers had listed all dates, he had to research this information using his other numismatic interest - numismatic literature. This Encyclpedia of Small Silver Coins was in preparation for thirty years. For the first ten years it was hand printed in manuscript form. Then using his first PC and Applewriter as a word processor, the first 300 pages were typed. Then it was converted to an IBM PC. It took several more years to finish the recording and continued editing of the work. The format was converted to Wordstar, then to MSword and finally about dozen years later, to PageMaker before the final text was finished. The files were finally converted to Adobe Acrobat 7.0. Dr. Alan K. Craig, who kindly assisted with the initial editing, upon seeing the finished draft, remarked it was too long (now over 900 pages). So, reformatting was tackled, converting to the double column and current tight listing of the FOOTNOTES. A new scanner was used to produce the enlarged coin illustrations, in most cases from the author's collection. The First Edition was laser printed in two copies, one residing at the American Numismatic Society library in New York, the other - the author’s copy. Two years later the First Edition was self-produced, as a CD-rom. Minor corrections and current prices were added for the Second Edition CD-rom. This version won the Best of Software award of the Numismatic Literary Guild. The new Third Edition, a revised title, updated with NCLT issues, with a listing of mints and mint cities, and a new Index was posted on the internet, followed by the printing of this hard bound Print-on-Demand Edition. Roger Lane is a member of the American Numismatic Society, Fellow of the Royal Numismatic Society, and has had articles published by Numismatic International. He is currently the Treasurer and bourse chair of the Gold Coast Coin Club of Hollywood, Florida and Treasurer of the Fort Lauderdale Coin Club. Dr. Alan K. Craig, Ph.D. was a Professor of Geography at Florida Atlantic University since 1966, recently retired. He has published extensively on Spanish Colonial numismatics and maintains active research interests in Latin American archaeology, anthropology, geography, and geology. Steve Schor, numismatist has kindly proof read this revised edition with comments and suggestions, however, the author must respectively takes full responsibilities for any errors and omissions. Hollywood, Florida March 28, 2008 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - PAGE ii To Andria Elizabeth deWardt Lane, my daughter whose keen interest in the new family hobby, restrained by her modest means, conceived the idea of assembling a "Modern Dime Size Silver Coins of the World" type set, which sparked the beginning of the many year study of these wonderful little pieces of art, history and numismatics which were the foundation of this work. Roger deWardt Lane ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - PAGE iii cent coins to Canada in 1858, followed shortly thereafter by ship- ments to New Brunswick in 1862 and to Newfoundland in 1865. The ENCYCLOPEDIA Mexican 8 reales led to the issuing of 10 centavos in 1864. of Small Silver Coins DIME (French, dixieme, Latin, decimus, tenth), the term for the tenth part of a dollar or ten-cent piece in the United States of America, Mexico - 10 centavos - 1869 authorized by Act of Congress, April 2, 1792. The first dime was coined in 1796. The Kingdom of Hawaii ordered from San Francisco coins dated 1883 “Brother, can you spare a dime?” We have all heard this expres- with the ONE DIME - 10 cents denomination, after they were unsuc- sion of the depression years. The story of Modern Dime Size Silver cessful in trying to have a 12 2 cent coin struck. American influence Coins of the World and Footnotes to History is the story of the money is responsible for the 10 cents coins of Liberia first dated 1896, even of the people. though the country was on the English gold standard, which accounts for why the Birmingham mint struck these coins in sterling .925 fine. Better than 2500 years ago the first coinage is attributed to the King- dom of Lydia, what is now western Turkey. These coins of Electrum, a natural mixture of gold and silver, were small as were others of the early coinage, as their purchasing power was great. But as com- merce increased larger coins of both gold and silver were struck. Some of the most artistic engraving and beautiful coins come from this period. “The age of silver begins with Pepin the Short (752-768 AD) who Curacao - 1 reaal - 1821 demonetized gold and made the silver denarius or penny the stan- dard coin throughout the whole of his dominions”, so wrote George In the Caribbean, the earliest listing is from Curacao, 1821 Y-1, 1 MacDonald in his “The Evolution of Coinage” published at Cambridge reaal. Spain issued for the Isle of Puerto Rico 10 centavos as sub- in 1916. sidiary coins to their peso in 1896 and the Danish West Indies (even- tually to become the American Virgin Islands during World War I), These small thin silver pennies have many of the characteristics of ordered from Copenhagen a 10 cents - 50 bit coin, subdivision of the silver series of this study. The governing authority standardized their daler denomination. these as to size and generally their weight as they represented a convenient economic size (or value) for the people. Larger coins were Even later, Cuba in 1915 ordered from Philadelphia, coins of 10 to be minted later with the Joachimstaler or taler of 1519 named for centavos which were equal to the American standards as was their the location of the source of the silver mines in the valley of St. Joachim peso. The Dominican Republic followed with the same denomina- in Bohemia. Our dollar takes its name from this source and when tions, ordering coins from several different mints. British Honduras subdivided by the decimal system of French origin, was equal to 10 used the dollar and 10 cent denominations even though the coins dimes. came from England. The denomination One Dime has a French root from dixieme to disme There is an interesting story for the Panama issues produced by the (used on the U.S. pattern of 1792) to the tenth part of a dollar. Philadelphia mint. The country was on the gold standard based on the Balboa equal to the American dollar and during the construction As milling coin presses became more popular and installed in most of the Canal, the American workers were paid in gold. The coins in of the central mints of the world, national standards were established size were equal to the American, but the size of a silver balboa was for the coinage of each country. As a result of trading patterns and equal to the American half dollar, therefore the dime size coinage the growth of colonial empires of the major European nations, a group- was issued with the denomination of 5 centesimos in 1904 and 1916. ing of these standards appeared. From the study of this series it is The local workers on the Canal were paid in silver, which if it had possible to see the areas of influence and how they set the coin's been at par with the American coinage would have required twice standards. the funds. During the later years, the U.S. servicemen assigned to the Canal Zone found out that their dime vending machines would The oldest and certainly the forefather of all the modern monetary take the Panamanian 5 centesimos (dime size), which of course dis- standards goes to the French, who under Napoleon I, set about es- turbed the local businessmen. tablishing new sets of rules from the Law to Numismatics. The French 5 franc (crown size silver coin) setting the early standards for Eu- Local stories have been told, that the shop owners would accumu- rope, was soon followed by the Spanish (mostly New World) 8 reales, late the 5 centesimos pieces and toss then in the lake to keep them which gave the popular literature the colorful pieces of eight of the from circulating. This may account for the general scarcity of these pirate trade. dates. From these two very similar intrinsic coins the majority of the dime Almost all of the Latin American Republics issued a dime size coin- size coins of the world represent a tenth division. The United States age, even if only for a brief period. These were 1/10 of a peso with of America adopted the dollar in 1792 AD, with a dime a tenth part the denomination of decimo from Chile in 1852, Colombia - 1853 and at the same time the Spanish or Mexican dollar was recognized and Peru in 1863. Uruguay used the 10 centesimos denomination as legal tender. while Bolivia named its coinage after the country with the crown called a boliviano and the dime size coinage with the 1/10 boliviano de- So many countries trace the roots of their coinage for both the dollar nomination. and the dime size coinage to these beginnings; London shipped 10 ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - PAGE iv The Argentine peso was subdivide into 10 centavos 1881, while Ven- Spanish crowns known as 5 pesetas and the dime size coins of 2 ezuela, the home of the Liberator called the dollar size coin a reals and later 50 centavos first issued from Madrid in 1869, while Venezolano subdivided into 10 centavos dime size coins first ordered Greece used the denominations of 5 drachma and 50 lepta dated from Paris in 1874. Ecuador named its crown after the great states- 1874 minted at the Paris mint. man Sucre, with the dime size denomination one decimo, first or- dered from the Heaton Mint, Ltd. in 1884. Costa Rica in 1865, Honduras in 1871, Nicaragua in 1880, El Salva- dor in 1892; all subdivided their peso into 10 centavos, and later El Salvador issued in 1953 a 25 centavos, dime size subdivision of the colon named for Columbus. Spain - 2 real -1852 Now go back to the roots of the American dollar and the Mexican dollar, as we go to the Far East. Remember these were the days of the China trade, the clipper ships and American influence first devel- oped with the opening of Japan by Perry. The Spanish or Mexican Although they were never signatories to the Convention, many coun- dollar was the basis of all trade, until the European and American tries issued coinage equal to the standards of the Latin Monetary trade dollars tried unsuccessfully to replace it. All subsidiary coins of Union. The denominations of their crown coins and first dime size the Mexican dollar were less than intrinsic parts, of which the most pieces include: Rumania - 5 leu and 50 bani of 1873; Finland - 5 popular were, the 20 cents pieces of China and less popular the 10 markka and 50 pennia of 1864; Serbia - 5 dinar and 50 para of 1875; cents coins first issued in 1889. In later years these coins were to be and Bulgaria - 5 lev and 50 stotinki dated 1883. debased more and more, so that at one time 11 ten cents Chinese coins were equal to the Chinese dollar. The Belgian Congo under Leopold II, used the Latin Standard for their 5 franc and 50 centimes dated 1887. The Italian Colony of Eritrea Dime size coins were issued with 10 cents denomination for Hong had shipped from Milan coins with denominations the same as Italy Kong in 1863, Straits Settlements 1871, Sarawak 1900 and Malaya dated 1890 and the small independent country of San Marino issued as late as 1939, all subdivisions of their dollars, but with varying fine- a one year coinage from the Rome mint with the same standards ness. and denominations as Italy in 1898. Liechtenstein much later had minted at the Berne mint coins in 5 franken and 2 frank to the Latin Native names include the Philippines peso with a 10 centimos dime Monetary Union standards. size coins while under Spanish rule. The Japanese denominations were yen for their crown and 10 sen for their dime size first issued in When Tunisia came under the administration of France the Paris 1870 and under Japanese administration, Korea issued a 10 chon in mint struck their coinage using the French denominations of 5 franc 1906, subdivision of the won crown denomination. and 50 centimes starting in 1891. Even earlier Cambodia had coin- age issued to the new standards dated 1860 (the Accession Year of With the French colonization of French Cochin China the piastre King Norodom I), but struck by the Brussels mint in 1875 with the 5 denomination was subdivided into 10 centimes first issued in 1879 franc and 50 centimes denominations. and for French Indo China in 1885 with the coins being shipped from the Paris mint. After the Great War, France was given the former Turkish Provinces of Syria and Lebanon as a Mandate. Dated 1929 the Paris mint struck Several of the above countries or colonies issued silver dime size for both of these new countries, coinage using the denomination 10 coins for only a few brief years, while others had many years of coin- piastres for the dime size coinage, but, with a 17 millimeter size and age. When the value of silver was low they ordered from their home .680 fineness. mints very large quantities of these small coins of the people, as there was a profit to be made from the seignorage. The reverse was Another country Haiti, has a most colorful monetary name and his- also true, as when silver became dear, during the period around 1889- tory, (see Footnotes for Haiti) the gourde, the denomination of there 93 and again during the Great War, most all small coinage in silver large coins, subdivided into 10 centimes, was first ordered from Paris was stopped, while paper money or base metal coins were used. in 1881. On the other side of the island of Hispanola, the Dominican Republic had the Paris mint also strike coinage to the new standards In Europe another standard was established with its early beginnings dated 1891 using the Spanish language version of the French as 5 in France which minted a 5 franc crown and subdivisions including a franco and 50 centesimos. 50 centimes dime size coin dated 1845. The franc became the basis of the Latin Monetary Union, which established in 1865 a bimetal There was also a one year issue for Guatemala dated 1881 with a 50 monetary system. To prevent the melting and over production of sub- centimos dime size coin locally minted, but to the new standards. sidiary coinage, the Union agreed to provide that each country could issue subsidiary coinage equal to 2 francs per person each year and While the major European countries were part of the Latin Monetary that the dime size coin would be issued with a fineness of 835/1000 Union, several other principal countries each had their own stan- parts silver, 2.5 grams in weight, 18 millimeters size. dards. The crown size piece or 5 franc coin would continue to be .900 fine, Great Britain and her Colonies were on the gold standard based on a 25 grams, in unlimited mintage. Therefore if any one were to melt pound or sovereign. Although slightly larger at 20 millimeters En- coins, the crown pieces had more value than the small change pieces. gland used the 6 pence denomination for these coins, which are not The second part of the Latin Monetary Union was the interchange- included in this series. ability of money within the countries who were signatures to the con- vention. The original members were France, Switzerland which first England also each year issued their Maundy 4 pence which is dime issued a 2 franc in 1850, and Belgium which minted a 50 centimes size. British colonies and dominions much later had their own 6 pence denomination in 1866 to the same standard, although they had minted coins of 19 millimeters including: Australia in 1910; British West Af- .900 fine dime size coins since 1833. rica 1913; Union of South Africa 1923; Southern Rhodesia 1932; New Zealand in 1933; and Fiji in 1934. The early issues were minted The Italian crown denomination was the 5 lira, with the 50 centesimi in sterling and later when the value of silver increased, they debased first minted in 1861. Spain and Greece later joined the Union with the there issues to .500 fine. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - PAGE v Earlier in 1892 the denomination of pond and 6 pence were used by the South African Republic and Egypt under British administration had an Egyptian pound and 6 pence size coin with the denomination of 2 guerch first dated 1886. Turkey minted coins name lira and 2 piastres. Two small countries were also on the British standard, using small 6 pence size coins; Danzig - 2 gulden dated 1923 and Lithuania a litas of 1925. Much earlier Persia under British influence issued large size toman coins and 500 dinar small coins first in 1879 dated in Arabic with A. H. dates. Portugal - 100 Reis - 1865 The Maria Theresa thaler or ryal was the standard trade coin of Arabia. Two towns of the Hadramaut ordered coins from The Mint, Birmingham: Tarim with a frozen date AH 1315 (1897 AD) with 12 chomsihs denomination, and Ghurfah AH 1344 (1925 AD), with the 15 chomsihs denomination. Saudi Arabia issued a 1/4 riyal in 1935 while Yemen struck a 1/10 imadi starting in AH 1337 (1918 AD). Morocco used a crown with the 10 dirhem denomination and a sub- sidiary 1 dirhem starting in 1882. The Island of Mauritius using the rupee denomination ordered from the Birmingham mint a 20 cents coinage dated 1877 but with a de- While America was on the dollar standard, Europe with its Latin Mon- sign much like the Straits Settlement 10 cents coinage, both .800 etary Union and the British Empire with is sterling, other major Em- fine, 18 millimeters and dime size. pires each had a different rate of exchange and names for their large and small coins; Austria-Hungary - forint and 10 krajczar first in 1868, One other large trading area existed based on the British Indian ru- the German Empire - 5 mark crowns and 50 pfennig 19 millimeter pee which was subdivided into a 3 rupee coin about 19 millimeters coins first dated 1875 when the Empire was established. Some indi- and .916 fine first issued by the East India Company dated 1835. vidual German States earlier issued billion debased small size coin- Portuguese India issued similar size coinage starting in 1881, Tibet age. used coins struck in China made to imitate the Indian Queen Victoria coinage starting in 1903. Several East African colonies had similar denominations produced by the mother country using the rupee standards including; Mombasa 1890, German East Africa 1891 and Italian Somaliland in 1910. East Africa & Uganda Protectorate in 1906 based their monetary unit on the Indian rupee with a 25 Cents denomination. Two other countries were on the rupee standard, but issued 25 cents coins; Ceylon start- Germany - 50 Pfennig - 1876 ing in 1892 and British North Borneo one year dated 1929. Still in the rupee trading area, Nepal issued a 4 mohar equal to the rupee and a small coin with the 2 Mohar denomination in 1912. So we have been Around The World, starting with the Spanish or Mexican dollar and its 1/10 dime size coins for the Americas and its The Empire of All the Russias coined roubles and 10 kopeks from trading area including the Far East. Off to Europe which had the 1802. Much later when Outer Mongolia was under Russian influ- largest and longest real standard system - the Latin Monetary Union. ence, the Leningrad mint struck 10 mongo dime size coins dated But not all Europe agreed to this standard as each Empire set its 1925. Their crown was called a tugrik. own standards including; British Empire, German Empire, Austria- Hungary Empire, Russian Empire, and Dutch, Portuguese along with the smaller but equally strong Scandinavian standard. And then to India where we see the rupee standard used by East African coun- tries and islands on the trade routes to India. Having completed this catalogue and compiled most of the anthol- ogy, it is now quite clear that these little silver pieces have a very interesting history, if only they could talk. Read the FOOTNOTES as each has a little story to tell. Denmark - 1874 - 25 öre The Kings, Queens and National Heroes which are portrayed or listed on the coins, were each colorful in themselves. Their brief biogra- phies and photos may interest you in reading more about their lives. The Scandinavian Monetary Union was established to set com- Conventions, notations and abbreviations for each type of dime size mon weights and denominations for Sweden, Norway and Denmark silver coin are now explained. Yeoman type number from one of the in 1873 based on a 5 krone crown with 25 öre the small silver de- earlier type catalogs - A Catalogue of Modern World Coins, by R. S. nomination. The Netherlands used as the basis of their monetary Yeoman, 1st Edition 1957, through 11th Edition, 1974, were the ini- system a gulden with the 25 cents starting in 1848, a slightly larger tial basis for determining separate listings, beginning about 1850 piece but of reduced fineness of .640. The 1/4 gulden denomination through 1970. After determining the mint of origin, they were later was used by their colonies of Netherlands East Indies starting in subdivided and presented alphabetically by mint. Sub-types as iden- 1854, Curacao by 1900 and more recently Netherlands Antilles be- tified by a change in mint (or mintmark), Assayer or Engravers ini- ginning in 1954. Portugal and its former colony of Brazil named their tials or marks, and debasing of the silver content are each listed crown a milreis and the small silver coins 100 reis. separately. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - PAGE vi The KM numbers from the Standard Catalog of World Coins, by Following all of the above are FOOTNOTE: remarks, usually short Chester L. Kause & Clifford Mishler, have been included as a refer- paragraphs of some historical facts. Others are of biographical sum- ence number and special reference numbers are cross referenced. mary of the portrait shown on the obverse, and intermixed are nu- Mintages from mint reports or specialized works have been com- mismatic footnotes about the particular issue or coinage standards piled not to show the current rarity, but to compare the number of of the country. Most footnotes are excerpts from contemporary pub- coins issued annually with the population of a country from time to lications printed only a few years after the dates of the coins. The time. When the mintage is not listed, it is noted as “u/m” for “unre- editing has been limited to eliminating much duplication of facts, cer- ported mintage”, when two years or two types of issues are com- tain religious descriptions, and war or military details. Where pos- bined into one reported mintage, the quantity is listed by the first sible the footnotes have been included to describe the time and his- date and the other listing refers to “i/a” for “included above” or “in- tory of the people who might have used the coinage in everyday life. cluded with _ _ _ _”. The world was much smaller and travel extremely slow only a hun- At the top of each listing is the country and government at the time, dred or so years ago. A dime quite often represented all or a great i.e. Kingdom or Republic, etc. and below the mint city. Most large part of a days work. It would buy a meal, an evenings entertainment countries with coinage from several national or foreign mints have and a few would buy an old coin for anyone who started collecting been arranged in mint city order, alphabetically, then date order within Modern Dime Size Silver Coins of the World, a century ago, as shown mint. Single mint countries and a few countries in which most coin- by the illustrations from The Scott’s Catalogue of 1893. (Catalog price age was struck by only one mint except for a few intervening years, 50 cents, post free). have been kept in chronological order for simplicity. In most cases the first footnote lists the mint cities and arrangement for each coun- try, colony or issuing state. Denomination, the millimeter size, the silver fineness expressed in a 1000 decimal, and the weight in grams are listed in the heading. Following the heading data, the AD date is listed for each year this type was minted unless frozen dates pertain. If the date is presented in brackets, this date represents a conversion to AD date from the coin date which is identified by designation; AH = Hegira or Arabic United States of America dates, SE = Samvat Era. Chinese or Japanese numbers or other ONE DIME - 1796 dating systems, are explained in the Footnotes. Next to the dates are full mintages and some rarity notations where the date listed should be identified as such. To the right specialized numbering sys- tems have been noted in order to compare specific coin listings with national catalogues. Few listings of overdates or varieties have been An effort like this requires the encouragement and assistance of many included except in some of the footnotes. people. My thanks are extended to the outstanding numismatists who first gave me direction and encouragement, when the manuscript The illustrations of dime size silver coins are shown in a few cases was beginning to be written; The late Dr. John Davenport, the late as 1 to 1. All the coins with black backgrounds were scanned with a Maurice Gould, the late John J. Pittman, Mrs. Margo Russell and the 20 MM background and enlargements a little over 4X to fit the page. late A.M. Kagan, Chet Krause and Cliff Mishler. Some illustrations with white backgrounds were copied from a photo. Special thanks are also extended to the people who added their nu- The description of each coin follows with the (cid:191)OV: to denote the mismatic knowledge, along the way; with the special help of Alex obverse or front. The arrow is shown to identify the die direction. All Radichevich who proof read the first computer draft and lent coins non English legends and inscription have first been detailed as shown for scanning, Jacinto Diaz, who also provided coins from his collec- on the coin, then initials and abbreviations translated into full words, tion. Thanks to Francis D. Campbell, American Numismatic Society followed in brackets by a translation into English. The slash is used Librarian, for research and Marvin L. Fraley, Numismatics Interna- to denote a separate line of the inscription, one under the other start- tional Editor who first published this introduction in their journal. ing at the top or center. The capitalized word ‘DATE’ denotes the AD date or native date as shown in Arabic or characters for the year as I am indebted to Yasser M. Kattan, who provided the arabic transla- shown on the coinage. For one year types the actual date is listed in tions, while a graduate student at Florida Atlantic University, before the description. returning to Saudi Arabia. The final statement of gratitude goes to Dr. Alan K. Craig, Ph.D. who without his expert knowledge of numis- The notation RV: preceded with the (cid:192) or (cid:191) die direction arrow starts matics and keen interest in seeing this publication finished, assisted a similar description of the reverse or back of the coin. EDGE: Reeded with the early editing. And also a special thanks to Stan Klein, nu- or Plain (a few older coins have diagonal reeding noted as /////, and mismatist for assisting with the CD-rom and Steve Schor, numisma- safety edges or edge lettering) are noted under this heading. MINT: tist for editing this Edition. (no mintmark) = PHILADELPHIA means this type of listings was minted as noted without any mintmark. If a mintmark such as H is Starting on October 15th 2007, the files of the Second Edition were listed and noted as = THE MINT, BIRMINGHAM,LTD. by looking at posted as a Free E-book, with printer restrictions, on the Internet. the obverse or reverse description the location of the mintmark will Each chapter is downloadable to a hard drive or bookmarked. The be shown in bold type in the sequence of the description with the Internet publication met with great success. Interest came from “(mintmark)” next to it. This helps differentiate between mintmark, numismatists from around the world. assayer or designers initials which appear on the coinage. DESIGNER:, ENGRAVER:, and or ASSAYER: listed with the initials are shown as they appear on the coinage, i.e. Costa Rica Y-14 of Roger deWardt Lane 1887, CB = Charles Barber, the designer and GW = Guillermo Wit- Hollywood, Florida ting, the assayer of the San Jose mint. POPULATION: denotes the June 30, 2008 population of the country at the year as indicated and many times the inhabitants of the capital or mint city are noted. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - PAGE vii Modern Dime Size Silver Coins of the World AFGHANISTAN ====================================================================== ====================================================================== AFGHANISTAN, KINGDOM of KABUL MINT ====================================================================== 1 QIRAN 18MM .916 FINE 4.6 GRAMS ====================================================================== (1891) AH 1308 u/m HH-5A (1892) 1309 u/m HH-5B (1893) 1310 u/m HH-5B (cid:191)OV: iiiii at top, TOUGHRA-I-KHORASONEE / legend (AMIR ABDUL RAHMAN) within wheat wreath. (cid:191)RV: iiiii at top, MIHRAB and MONBER (the emblem of Afghanistan) / KABUL / arabic DATE, within wheat wreath. EDGE: Reeded MINT: Legend = KABUL REFERENCE: Y-9.2, KM-804 FOOTNOTE: All the listed coins for Afghanistan were minted by the Kabul mint, listings are chronological from 1891 to 1919 AD. The HH reference refers to Hamim Hamidi who assigned a number to each date. FOOTNOTE: Abdul-Ur-Rahman, Khan (1830-1901), Ameer of Af- ghanistan. In the confusion succeeding the death of his grandfa- ther, Dost Mohammed in 1863, he supported the pretensions of his AH1313 - 22222 - RUPEE - OBVERSE father, Afzul, against his uncle, Shere Ali, who had been named as ====================================================================== his successor by the late Ameer. The rebellion was at first suc- AFGHANISTAN, KINGDOM of cessful, and Abdul-Ur-Rahman was installed as Governor of Balkh, KABUL MINT where he showed himself a wise ruler. In 1868 Shere Ali over- ====================================================================== throws his rivals and Abdul-Ur-Rahman took refuge in Russian 2 RUPEE 18.5 MM .916 FINE 4.6 GRAMS territory, living at Samarcand upon a liberal Russian pension. In ====================================================================== 1879 he returned to his old province of Balkh, which had always been well disposed toward him. Yakub, the son of Shere Ali, who (1896) AH 1313 u/m had been set up as Ameer by the English, and then left to shift for himself, was unable to maintain order, and a new war with the (cid:191)OV: arabic date AD 1313 / TOUGHRA / legend (AMIR English was followed by his deposition. Abdul-Ur-Rahman, in July ABDUL RAHMAN) within wheat wreath tied with ribbon below, 1880, was recognized as Ameer by the leading chiefs and was within outer circle of pearls. confirmed by the Anglo-Indian Government, from whom he re- ceived a subsidy of £160,000 a year and much in the way of (cid:191)RV: legend (KABUL) / MIHRAB and MONBER / military equipment. It had been feared from his previous relations denomination (NEEM RUPYA = 2 rupee), within wheat wreath with Russia that he would be favorable to Russian designs; but he tied with ribbon below, within outer circle of pearls. at once resumed the pro-English policy of his grandfather. He was an intelligent, well-meaning ruler, of a masterly habit, which stood EDGE: Reeded him in good stead in dealing with his half-barbarous people. He died October 3, 1901, after a brief illness, and was succeeded by MINT: Legend = KABUL his eldest son Habib Ullah. New International Encyclopedia, 1910. ====================================================================== REFERENCE: Y-9.3, HH-5C, KM-812 POPULATION: Afghanistan - 1895 - 5,000,000 with capital Kabul with 60,000 inhabitants. FOOTNOTE: The MIHRAB and MONBER (the emblem of Afghani- stan) in addition to Minarets are principal features of a Moham- medan Mosque. In the direction towards Mecca is the MIHRAB, a recess in the wall to direct the worshipers where to turn their eyes in prayer, and near this is the MONBER or pulpit. New Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Philadelphia, 1896. FOOTNOTE: Arabic numbers can be read as below: 1234567890 Afghan Iightning express [QRSTUVWXY ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - AFGHANISTAN - PAGE 1 FOOTNOTE: (Continued) Not long after this settlement the British Resident at Kabul, Sir Louis P. Cavagnari, and the other members of the mission were treacherously attacked and slain by the Af- ghans, and troops had again to be sent into the country. Kabul was again occupied, and Kandahar and Ghazni were also relieved; while Yakoob Kahn was sent to imprisonment in India. In 1880 Abdul-Ur-Rahman, a grandson of Dost Mohammed, was recog- nized by the British as Emir of the country, and has since been on friendly terms with the British, by whom he is subsidized. En- croachments by the Russians on territory claims by Afghanistan almost brought about a rupture between Britain and Russia in 1885. Cabinet Cyclopaedia, 1896. ====================================================================== AH1313 - 22222 - RUPEE - REVERSE ====================================================================== FOOTNOTE: In 1738 Afghanistan was conquered by the Persians under Nadir Shah, On his death in 1747 Ahmed Shah, one of his generals, obtained the sovereignty of Afghanistan, and became the founder of a dynasty, which lasted about eighty years. At the end of that time Dost Mohamad, the ruler of Kabul, had acquired a considerable influence in the country. On account of his dealings with the Russians the British resolved to dethrone him and restore Shah Shuja, a former ruler. In April, 1839 a British army under Sir John Keane entered Afghanistan, occupied Kabul, and placed Shah Shuja on the throne, a force of 8000 being left to support the new sovereign. Sir W. MacNaghten remained as Envoy at Kabul, with Sir Alexander Burnes as Assistant Envoy. The Afghans soon organized a widespread insurrection, which came to a head on November 2, 1841, when Burnes and a number of British officers, besides women and children, were murdered, MacNaghten being murdered not long after. The other British leaders now made a treaty with the Afghans, at whose head was Akbar, son of Dost Mohamad, agreeing to withdraw the forces from the country, while the Afghans were to furnish them with provisions and escort them on their way. On 6th January, 1842 the British left Kabul and AMIR ABDUL UR RAHMAN began their most disastrous retreat. The cold was intense, they had almost no food - for the treacherous Afghans did not fulfill their promises - and day after day they were assailed by the FOOTNOTE: AMIR ABDUL RAHAN - On July 21, 1880 during a enemy. By the 13th 26,000 persons, including camp-followers, period of much internal turmoil, Amir Abdul Rahman, grandson of women and children, were lost. Some were kept prisoners, but former ruler Dost Mohammed succeeded to the throne of Afganistan. only one man, Dr. Brydon, reached Jelalabad, which, as well as This was following the murder of British Envoy Major Sir Pierre Kandahar, was still held by the British troops. In a few months Louis Cavagnari and his whole escort on September 3, 1879 in the General Pollock, with a fresh army from India, retook Kabul and Bala Hissar which prompted the dispatch of Lt.General Frederick soon finished the war. Shah Shuja having been assassinated, Roberts to occupy Kabul the following month. With British Dost Mohammed again obtained the throne of Kabul, and acquired recognization, Amir Abdul Rahman, autocratic, absolute and su- extensive power in Afghanistan. He died in 1863, having nomi- preme was just the King and ruler Afghanistan needed to stop the nated his son Shere Ali his successor. Shere Ali entered into rebellion and unify the country and people. As an isolationist, he friendly relations with the British, but in 1878, having repulsed a kept the door to Afghanistan closed completely to frreign intrigue, British Envoy and refused to receive a British Mission (a Russian until with much distrust, he invited the British to assist in setting up Mission being meantime at his Court), war was declared against the first modern mint for Afghanistan, attached to a gun factory him, and the British troops entered Afghanistan. They met with called Masheenkhana in 1890. comparatively little resistance; the Ameer fled to Turkestan, where he soon after died; and his son Yakoob Khan having succeeded him concluded a treaty with the British (at Gandamak, May, 1879), in which a certain extension of the British frontier, the control by British of the foreign policy of Afghanistan, and the residence of a British envoy in Kabul, were the chief stipulations. ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SMALL SILVER COINS - AFGHANISTAN - PAGE 2