Encyclopedia of URBAN CULTURES Encyclopedia of URBAN CULTURES Editors Melvin Ember • President, Human Relations Area Files Yale University Carol R. Ember • Executive Director, Human Relations Area Files Yale University Advisory Board Sandra T. Barnes • University of Pennsylvania Theodore C. Bestor • Harvard University D. Douglas Caulkins • Grinnell College Dean Forbes • Flinders University Josef Gugler • University of Connecticut Karen Tranberg Hansen • Northwestern University Robert V. Kemper • Southern Methodist University Owen M. Lynch • New York University Gary McDonogh • Bryn Mawr College Sharon Nagy • DePaul University Peter Nas • Leiden University Deborah Pellow • Syracuse University Antonius C. Robben • Utrecht University Robert Rotenberg • DePaul University David Satterthwaite • International Institute for Environment and Development Norman E. Whitten, Jr. • University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign Encyclopedia of URBAN CULTURES Cities and Cultures around the World Published under the Auspices of the Human Relations Area Files at Yale University Edited by Melvin Ember and Carol R. Ember Volume 1 GROUER A Scholastic Company Danbury, Connecticut Copyright © 2002 by Human Relations Area Files, Inc. This work was prepared under the auspices and with the support of the Human Relations Area Files, Inc. (HRAF) at Yale University. The foremost international research organization in the field of cultural anthropology, HRAF is a not-for-profit consortium of 19 Sponsoring Member institutions and more than 400 active and inactive Associate Member institutions in nearly 40 countries. The mission of HRAF is to provide information that facilitates the cross-cultural study of human behavior, society, and culture. The HRAF Collection of Ethnography, which has been building since 1949, contains nearly 1 million pages of information, indexed according to more than 700 subject categories, on the cultures of the world. An increasing portion of the Collection of Ethnography, which now covers more than 365 cultures, is accessible via the World Wide Web to member institutions. The HRAF Collection of Archaeology, the first installment of which appeared in 1999, also is accessible on the Web to those member institutions opting to receive it. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means—graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, taping, or information storage and retrieval systems—without prior written permission of the publisher. Published by Grolier Publishing Co., Inc., 90 Sherman Turnpike, Danbury, CT 06816. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Encyclopedia of urban cultures: cities and cultures around the world/edited by Melvin Ember and Carol R. Ember, p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-7172-5698-7 (lib. bdg.: alk. paper) 1. Cities and towns—Encyclopedias. 2. Sociology, Urban—Encyclopedias. I. Title: Urban cultures. II. Ember, Melvin. III. Ember, Carol R. HT108.5 .E53 2002 307.76'03—dc21 Printed and Manufactured in the United States of America 1 3 5 4 2 IV Table of Contents Preface l:vii List of Entries l:xi Thematic Essays 1:1 Cities of the World 1:137 Appendix I: Finding Aids 4:445 Appendix II: Statistical Tables 4:451 Appendix III: Selected Web Sites 4:459 Directory of Contributors 4:461 Index 4:467 Editorial Staff Philip Friedman Mark Cummings PUBLISHER PUBLISHER GROLIER PUBLISHING COMPANY MAJOR REFERENCE AND GROLIER ONLINE Donna Sanzone EDITOR IN CHIEF GROLIER ACADEMIC REFERENCE MANAGING EDITORS Kelli Gaetano (hraf) Matthew White (hraf) PROJECT EDITORS Robin Charney Cheryl Clark Veronica F. Towers ASSOCIATE EDITORS Barbara Letta Cole Karen Fairchild Lisa Torchiano COPY EDITORS David M. Buskus Nancy Stabile PROOFREADERS Jessica Renda Judy Schweitzer Devon Towey PRODUCTION Rhianon Davies • Production Editor PHOTO RESEARCH Cindy Joyce • Director, Photo Research Christiane Cunnar • Photo Acquisitions PUBLISHING TECHNOLOGIES Cyndie Cooper • Director, Publishing Technology Linda K. Dillon • Senior Publishing Systems Analyst Stephanie Grant • Compositor Mike Mandarano • Cover Design Lyndee Stalter • Asset Manager Meghan O'Reilly Fiero • Editorial Systems Analyst Luan Huynh • Senior Programmer Jian Sun • Programmer INDEXERS Pauline M. Sholtys • Chief Linda King MANUFACTURING Valerie Plue-Eriquezzo • Vice President, Manufacturing Christine L. Matta • Director, Reference and Children's Publishing Donna L. Roberts • Production Manager Diane C. Foster • Production Assistant