Encyclopedia of the medieval world Edward D. English Encyclopedia of the Medieval World Copyright © 2005 Edward D. English All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information contact: Facts On File, Inc. 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 Libraryof Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data English, EdwardD. Encyclopedia of the medieval world / EdwardD. English. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8160-4690-5 (set) (alk. paper) ISBN 0-8160-4688-3 (vol. 1)—ISBN 0-8160-4689-1 (vol. 2) 1. Middle ages—History—Encyclopedias. 2. Civilization, Medieval—Encyclopedias. I. Title. D114.E55 2004 940.1'03—dc22 2003027825 Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quanti- ties for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions. Please call our Special Sales Department in New York at (212) 967-8800 or (800) 322-8755. You can find Facts On File on the World Wide Web at http://www.factsonfile.com Text design by Joan Toro Cover design by Cathy Rincon Line art by Richard Garratt and Facts On File Printed in the United States of America VBFOF 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 This book is printed on acid-free paper. C ONTENTS List of Illustrations iv List of Maps vii List of Genealogies viii List of Entries ix Preface xix Entries A to Z 1 Appendix I: Monarchs and Rulers of the Medieval World 763 Appendix II: Genealogies 793 Bibliography 813 L I IST OF LLUSTRATIONS Carolingian palace chapel 3 The Agricultural Labors of the Twelve Months 19 Sant’Andrea, Mantua 22 Albertus Magnus 23 The Alhambra palace 32 Aview of hell from the Inferno 33 The choir of Amiens Cathedral 38 Fra Angelico 46 The Church Militant and Triumphant 53 Heavenly ladder 64 Courtyardof the Alhambra palace 65 Ascension of Christ into Heaven 68 View of Assisi 71 The Papal Palace in Avignon 80 Bayeux Tapestry 97 Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry 107 Boethius 114 The papal palace built for Boniface VIII 120 Adam and Eve from the Warburg Book of Hours 121 Primavera,or Spring (detail), by Sandro Botticelli 124 Santo Spirito 129 The burial of plague victims 136 Heads of early Capetian rulers 148 Buonconsiglio in Trent 159 William Caxton 162 Charlemagne 167 Christ inside his mother 176 Cimabue, The Crucifixion 179 Interior of Cistercian Abbey of Fontenay 180 Cistercian Abbey of Fontenay 183 Clovis, king of the Franks 184 Abbey of Cluny 185 Great Mosque of Córdoba 198 iv List of Illustrations v Danse macabre 211 Satan and the lost souls of hell 216 Dome of the Rock 220 Dominic de Guzmán 222 Donatello di Niccolò 223 Edward II 233 Eleanor of Aquitaine 238 Jan van Eyck 249 King Ferdinand II of Aragon 256 Marsilio Ficino 260 View of Florence in 1490 265 Facade of the Cistercian abbey of Fontenay 266 King Charles VII by Jean Fouquet 270 Coronation of Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa 275 Castel del Monte 277 Acouple playing chess 285 Giotto di Bondone 297 The Gokstad ship 303 Interior of Hagia Sophia 326 The Harrowing of Hell 329 John Hawkwood 331 Hell and the Last Judgment 334 Church of the Holy Sepulcher 349 Hospital of Beaune 352 Amedieval house 353 Ayoung man hawking 361 Solomon and Sheba 373 Empress Irene 383 Leo I the Thracian 386 The execution of de Molay and de Charnay 395 The Execution of Joan of Arc 406 Emperor Julian the Apostate 415 The Emperor Justinian 417 View of Mecca 420 Portrait of Christ 422 Tympanum sculpture 437 Saint Mark the Evangelist 447 Ambrogio Lorenzetti 454 Moses Maimonides 466 Marco Polo and Kublai Khan 473 Amarriage celebration 476 Saint Martin of Tours 478 Simone Martini’s Annunciation 479 Masaccio’s Trinity 480 Masons at work 481 Mehmed II the Conqueror 485 vi List of Illustrations Abellows for metalworking 487 Milan Cathedral 490 The remains of a Muslim watermill 492 The minaret of the Holy Mosque of Medina 493 Benedictine abbey of Sant’Antimo 497 Jenghiz Khan and his sons 499 “Door of Paradise” by Bonanno Pisano 500 Mosque of Sultan Darkhour, Cairo, 1860–90 506 Muhammad on his camel 508 Fifteenth-century view of Naples 513 The Guild of the notaries 527 Notre-Dame in Paris 528 Christ enthroned 540 Adam and Eve leaving Paradise 556 Federico da Montefeltro, duke of Urbino 577 Piccolomini Palace 582 Architectural remains of Siena 583 Saint Columba of Sens 599 Bathhouse romance 601 The Canterbury Psalter 604 Christ in Purgatory and Descent into Hell 607 Richard II at the death of Wat Tyler 622 Amedieval road 624 Coronation of King Roger II of Sicily 627 Eve 630 Rose window 632 The Gothic exterior of Sainte-Chapelle 640 Abaptismal font 661 Siena, Piazza del Campo, town hall 666 Madonna and Child 675 Synagogue El Tránsito 681 The surrender of Tarsus to Tancred of Hauteville 685 A13th-centuryTemplar chapel 689 The court of Empress Theodora 690 Council of Clermont 711 Usurers suffer in hell 712 Venice, Italy, Saint Mark’s Square 719 Vlad Tepes 732 The baptism of Vladimir I, prince of Kiev 732 Choir at Westminster Abbey 744 The Wheel of Fortune 745 Gathering grapes and pressing them for wine 752 L M IST OF APS Barbarian Migrations and Settlements 91 Duchy of Burgundy in the 15th Century 134 Byzantine Empire in the Late 11th Century 138 Carolingian Empirein the Early Ninth Century 152 Roman Empire in the Mid-Fourth Century 194 Kingdom of France, 1314 271 Holy Roman Empire, 1215–1250 348 Battles and Campaigns of the Hundred Years’ War 358 Islamic Conquest Until 840 388 Italy in the 14th and 15th Centuries 389 Crusader States in the 12th and 13th Centuries 400 Byzantine Empire under Justanian 416 Mongol Invasions, 13th Century 499 Ottoman Empire to 1520 542 Pilgrimage Routes and Places 579 Progress of the Plague (Black Death) in Europe, 1347–1352 584 Poland and Lithuania, 1386–1470 588 Christian Reconquest of Iberia 617 Viking Trade,Settlements, and Movements 723 England During the Wars of the Roses, 1455–1485 741 vii L G IST OF ENEALOGIES Counts of Anjou (Original Dynasty) 45 Kings of Aragon 55 Árpád Dynasty of Hungary and Premyslid Kings of Bohemia 62 Dukes of Burgundy 135 France:Capetian Kings 149 Carolingian Family and Dynasty 153 Kings of Castile 158 House of Anjou (Angerius) 169 House of Luxembourg 171 Este Family Dynasty of Ferrara and Modena 244 House of Habsburg 323 Welf and Hohenstaufen Families 345 Jagiellonian Dynasty: Kings of Poland and Grand Dukes of Lithuania 393 Successors of Jenghiz Khan 397 Kings and Queens of Jerusalem and Cyprus 401 Latin Emperors of Constantinople and Claimants 438 Merovingian Kings 488 House of Tancred 525 House of Pépin 568 Polish Rulers:Piast Dynasty 576 Portugal: Burgundian House 593 Saxon and Salian Emperors 642 House of Savoy 649 Kings of Scotland 653–654 Seljuk Sultans 658 Valois Dynasty 717 Visconti and Sforza Families 729 Appendix II: Genealogies Dynasties and Rulers of England 793 Roman and Byzantine Dynasties 796 Ruling Dynasties of Hungary, Poland, and Lithuania 808 Ruling Dynasties of the Christian Iberian Kingdoms 809 Rulers and Dynasties of Kievan Rus´, Moscow,and Russia 810 Rulers and Dynasties of Scandinavia in the Later Middle Ages 812 viii L E IST OF NTRIES Aachen Albornoz, Gil, Cardinal Anselm of Canterbury, Saint al-Abbas ibn Abd al Muttalib Alcántara, Order of Anselm of Laon Abbasid, dynasty alchemy Anthony of Padua, Saint Abbo of Fleury, Saint Alcuin of York Antichrist Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan Aleppo anticlericalism Abd al-Rahman I ibn Muawiya Alexander III, Pope anti-Judaism and anti-Semitism Abd al-Rahman III al-Nasir li dini llah Alexander VI Antioch Abélard, Peter Alexander romances antiphon Abu Bakr,Caliph Alexandria antipodes Abu Hanifah Alexios I Komnenos Antoninus, Saint Abyssinia Alfonso V the Magnanimous Apocalypse and apocalyptic Acre Alfonso X, the Learned literature Adam of Bremen Alfred the Great Apocrypha and the apocryphal adoptionism Alhambra New Testament Adrian IV Alighieri, Dante apostolic succession Adrianople Ali ibn Abi Talib, Caliph Apulia adultery Almohads Aquinas, Thomas, Saint Advent Almoravids Aquitaine Aegean Sea Alp Arslan Arabs Ælfric, abbot of Eynsham altars and altarpieces Aragon Æthelflæd, lady of the Mercians Amalfi archives and archival Institutions Æthelred II the Unready Ambrose, Saint Arianism Africa Amiens Cathedral Aristotle and Aristotelianism in Aghlabid, dynasty Anatolia the Middle Ages Agincourt, Battle of anatomy Armagnac aging anchorites and anchoresses Armenia agriculture Ancrenne Riwle army and militaryorganization Ailly,Pierred’ al-Andalus Árpáds Aistulf Angela of Foligno, Blessed ars antiqua andars nova alabaster Angelico, Fra ars moriendi Alan of Lille angels and angelology ars poeticaand artes poeticae Alans Anglo-Latin poetry ars praedicandi Alaric I Anglo-Norman language and art and architecture, Byzantine Albania and the Albanians literature artand architecture, Islamic Alberti, Leon Battista Anglo-Saxon Chronicles art and architecture, Jewish Albertus Magnus, Saint Anglo-Saxons Artevelde, Jacob van Albigensians and Albigensian animals and animal husbandry Arthur, King, and Arthurian movement Anjou literature Alboin Annunciation Ascension ix