FM-Cutler (Encyc) Vol-1-45463.qxd 11/18/2007 12:42 PM Page i FM-Cutler (Encyc) Vol-1-45463.qxd 11/18/2007 12:42 PM Page iii Volumes & FM-Cutler (Encyc) Vol-1-45463.qxd 11/18/2007 12:42 PM Page iv Copyright © 2008 by SAGE Publications,Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,electronic or mechanical,including photocopying,recording,or by any information storage and retrieval system,without permission in writing from the publisher. For information: SAGE Publications,Inc. 2455 Teller Road Thousand Oaks,California 91320 E-mail:[email protected] SAGE Publications Ltd. 1 Oliver’s Yard 55 City Road London EC1Y 1SP United Kingdom SAGE Publications India Pvt. Ltd. B 1/I 1 Mohan Cooperative Industrial Area Mathura Road,New Delhi 110 044 India SAGE Publications Asia-Pacific Pte. Ltd. 33 Pekin Street #02-01 Far East Square Singapore 048763 Printed in the United States of America. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Encyclopedia of psychology and law/editor,Brian L. Cutler. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4129-5189-0 (cloth) 1. Law—Psychological aspects—Encyclopedias. 2. Law—United States—Psychological aspects—Encyclopedias. 3. Forensic psychology—Encyclopedias. 4. Forensic psychology—United States—Encyclopedias. I. Cutler,Brian L. K346.E53 2008 340′.19—dc22 2007029845 This book is printed on acid-free paper. 07 08 09 10 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Publisher: Rolf A. Janke Acquisitions Editor: Jim Brace-Thompson Developmental Editor: Diana E. Axelsen Reference Systems Manager: Leticia Gutierrez Production Editor: Kate Schroeder Copy Editor: QuADS Prepress (P) Ltd. Typesetter: C&M Digitals (P) Ltd. Proofreaders: Penny Sippel,Dennis Webb Indexer: Janet Perlman Cover Designer: Janet Foulger Marketing Manager: Amberlyn Erzinger FM-Cutler (Encyc) Vol-1-45463.qxd 11/18/2007 12:42 PM Page v Contents Editorial Board vi List of Entries vii Reader’s Guide xiii About the Editors xxi Contributors xxii Introduction xxxiii Entries Volume 1: A–K 1–444 Volume 2: L–Z 445–874 Index I-1–I-40 FM-Cutler (Encyc) Vol-1-45463.qxd 11/18/2007 12:42 PM Page vi Editorial Board Editor Brian L. Cutler University of North Carolina at Charlotte Associate Editor Patricia A. Zapf John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York Managing Editor Sarah Greathouse John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York Senior Advisory Board Members Brian H. Bornstein Steven D. Penrod University of Nebraska, Lincoln John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York Neil Brewer Flinders University John Petrila Mary Connell University of South Florida Private Practice Ronald Roesch I. Bruce Frumkin Simon Fraser University Forensic and Clinical Psychology Associates, P.A. R. Barry Ruback Edith Greene Pennsylvania State University University of Colorado at Colorado Springs Christopher Slobogin Kirk Heilbrun University of Florida Drexel University Margaret Bull Kovera Loretta J. Stalans John Jay College of Criminal Justice, Loyola University City University of New York P. J. van Koppen Daniel J. Krauss Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime Claremont McKenna College and Law Enforcement John Monahan Aldert Vrij University of Virginia University of Portsmouth vi FM-Cutler (Encyc) Vol-1-45463.qxd 11/18/2007 12:42 PM Page vii List of Entries Ackerman-Schoendorf Parent Evaluation Child Abuse Potential (CAP) Inventory of Custody Test (ASPECT) Child Custody Evaluations Adjudicative Competence of Youth Child Maltreatment Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) Children’s Testimony Aggravating and Mitigating Circumstances, Children’s Testimony, Evaluation by Juries Evaluation of in Capital Cases Child Sexual Abuse Aggravating and Mitigating Circumstances in Civil Commitment Capital Trials, Effects on Jurors Classification of Violence Risk (COVR) Alcohol Intoxication. SeeSubstance Abuse and Clothing Bias in Identification Procedures Intimate Partner Violence; Substance Use Disorders Cognitive Interview Alcohol Intoxication, Impact on Eyewitness Memory Community Corrections Alibi Witnesses Competence Assessment for Standing Trial for Alternative Dispute Resolution Defendants With Mental Retardation (CAST*MR) AMBER Alert System Competency, Foundational and Decisional American Bar Association Resolution on Mental Competency, Restoration of Disability and the Death Penalty Competency Assessment Instrument (CAI) Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) Competency for Execution Amicus Curiae Briefs Competency Screening Test (CST) Antisocial Personality Disorder Competency to Be Sentenced Appearance-Change Instruction in Lineups Competency to Confess Automatism Competency to Stand Trial Competency to Waive Appeals Bail-Setting Decisions Competency to Waive Counsel (Proceed Pro Se) Battered Woman Syndrome Complex Evidence in Litigation Battered Woman Syndrome,Testimony on Computer-Assisted Lineups Behavior Analysis Interview Conditional Release Programs Bias Crime Conduct Disorder Confession Evidence Capacity to Consent to Treatment Confidence in Identifications Capacity to Consent to Treatment Instrument (CCTI) Confidence in Identifications, Malleability Capacity to Waive Miranda Rights Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS) Capacity to Waive Rights Conformity in Eyewitness Reports Capital Mitigation Consent to Clinical Research Capital Punishment. See Death Penalty Coping Strategies of Adult Sexual Assault Victims Checklist for Competency for Execution Evaluations Criminal Behavior,Theories of Chicago Jury Project Criminal Responsibility,Assessment of vii FM-Cutler (Encyc) Vol-1-45463.qxd 11/18/2007 12:42 PM Page viii viii———Encyclopedia of Psychology and Law Criminal Responsibility, Defenses and Standards Ethical Guidelines and Principles Crisis and Hostage Negotiation Ethnic Differences in Psychopathy Critical Incidents Evaluation of Competence to Stand Trial–Revised Cross-Race Effect in Eyewitness Identification (ECST–R) CSI Effect Expert Psychological Testimony Cybercrime Expert Psychological Testimony,Admissibility Standards Damage Awards Expert Psychological Testimony, Forms of Danger Assessment Instrument (DA) Expert Psychological Testimony on Eyewitness Death Penalty Identification Death Qualification of Juries Expert Testimony, Qualifications of Experts Delusions Exposure Time and Eyewitness Memory Detection of Deception: Cognitive Load Extreme Emotional Disturbance Detection of Deception: Event-Related Potentials Eyewitness Descriptions,Accuracy of Detection of Deception: Magnetic Resonance Eyewitness Identification: Effect of Disguises and Imaging (MRI) Appearance Changes Detection of Deception: Nonverbal Cues Eyewitness Identification: Field Studies Detection of Deception: Reality Monitoring Eyewitness Identification: General Acceptance Detection of Deception: Use of Evidence in in the Scientific Community Detection of Deception by Detection “Wizards” Eyewitness Memory Detection of Deception in Adults Eyewitness Memory, Lay Beliefs About Detection of Deception in Children Detection of Deception in High-Stakes Liars Facial Composites Developing Comprehensive Theories of False Confessions Eyewitness Identification. SeeWITNESS Model False Memories Diminished Capacity Financial Capacity Diplomates in Forensic Psychology Financial Capacity Instrument (FCI) Disability and Workers’Compensation Claims, Fingerprint Evidence, Evaluation of Assessment of Fitness-for-Duty Evaluations Disparate Treatment and Disparate Impact Fitness Interview Test–Revised (FIT–R) Evaluations Forced Confabulation Dissociative Identity Disorder Forcible Medication Divorce and Child Custody Forensic Assessment Doctoral Programs in Psychology and Law Domestic Violence. See Intimate Partner Violence Georgia Court Competence Test (GCCT) Domestic Violence Courts Grisso’s Instruments for Assessing Domestic Violence Screening Instrument (DVSI) Understanding and Appreciation Double-Blind Lineup Administration of Miranda Rights Drug Courts Guardianship “Dynamite Charge” Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scales Guilty but Mentally Ill Verdict Elder Abuse Elderly Defendants Hallucinations Elderly Eyewitnesses Hare Psychopathy Checklist–Revised End-of-Life Issues (2nd edition) (PCL–R) Estimator and System Variables in Eyewitness Hare Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version Identification (PCL:SV) FM-Cutler (Encyc) Vol-1-45463.qxd 11/18/2007 12:42 PM Page ix List of Entries———ix Hare Psychopathy Checklist:Youth Version Lineup Filler Selection (PCL:YV) Lineup Size and Bias Hate Crime. See Bias Crime Litigation Stress HCR–20 for Violence Risk Assessment Hearsay Testimony MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool Homicide, Psychology of for Clinical Research (MacCAT–CR) Hopkins Competency Assessment Test (HCAT) MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool Hypnosis and Eyewitness Memory for Criminal Adjudication (MacCAT–CA) MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool Identification Tests, Best Practices in for Treatment (MacCAT–T) Inadmissible Evidence, Impact on Juries MacArthur Violence Risk Assessment Study Insanity Defense, Juries and Malingering Insanity Defense Reform Act (IDRA) Malingering Probability Scale Institutionalization and Deinstitutionalization Mandated Community Treatment Instructions to the Witness Massachusetts Youth Screening Interdisciplinary Fitness Interview (IFI) Instrument–Version 2 (MAYSI–2) Interrogation of Suspects Master’s Programs in Psychology and Law Intimate Partner Violence Media Violence and Behavior Involuntary Commitment. See Civil Commitment; Megan’s Laws. See Sex Offender Community Outpatient Commitment, Involuntary Notification (Megan’s Laws) Mens Rea and Actus Reus Jail Screening Assessment Tool (JSAT) Mental Health Courts Judges’Nonverbal Behavior Mental Health Law Juries and Eyewitnesses Mental Health Needs of Juvenile Offenders Juries and Joined Trials Mental Illness and the Death Penalty Juries and Judges’Instructions Mental Retardation and the Death Penalty Jury Administration Reforms Mild Traumatic Brain Injury,Assessment of Jury Competence Miller Forensic Assessment of Symptoms Jury Decisions Versus Judges’Decisions Test (M–FAST) Jury Deliberation Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory–III (MCMI–III) Jury Nullification Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory–2 Jury Questionnaires (MMPI–2) Jury Reforms Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory–2 Jury Selection (MMPI–2) Validity Scales Jury Size and Decision Rule Minnesota Sex Offender Screening Tool–Revised Jury Understanding of Judges’Instructions in (MnSOST–R) Capital Cases M’Naghten Standard Juvenile Boot Camps Mood Disorders Juvenile Offenders Moral Disengagement and Execution Juvenile Offenders, Risk Factors Motions to Suppress Eyewitness Identification Juvenile Psychopathy Mug Shots Juveniles and the Death Penalty Multiple Personality Disorder. See Dissociative Identity Disorder Legal Authoritarianism Legal Negotiation Neil v. Biggers Criteria for Evaluating Eyewitness Legal Socialization Identification Leniency Bias Novaco Anger Scale FM-Cutler (Encyc) Vol-1-45463.qxd 11/18/2007 12:42 PM Page x x———Encyclopedia of Psychology and Law Obscenity Psychopathy,Treatment of Optimality Hypothesis in Eyewitness Psychopathy Checklist–Revised. See Hare Identification Psychopathy Checklist–Revised (2nd edition) Outpatient Commitment, Involuntary (PCL–R) Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version. See Hare Parens Patriae Doctrine Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version Parent-Child Relationship Inventory (PCRI) (PCL:SV) Parenting Satisfaction Scale (PSS) Psychopathy Checklist:Youth Version. See Hare Parenting Stress Index (PSI) Psychopathy Checklist:Youth Version (PCL:YV) Parole Decisions Psychotic Disorders Patient’s Rights Public Opinion About Crime Pedophilia Public Opinion About Sentencing and Incarceration Personal Injury and Emotional Distress Public Opinion About the Courts Personality Disorders Public Opinion About the Polygraph Plea Bargaining Police as Eyewitnesses Race, Impact on Juries Police Decision Making Racial Bias and the Death Penalty Police Decision Making and Domestic Violence Rape Trauma Syndrome Police Interaction With Mentally Ill Individuals Rapid Risk Assessment for Sexual Offense Police Occupational Socialization Recidivism (RRASOR) Police Psychologists Reconstructive Memory Police Psychology Reid Technique for Interrogations Police Selection Religion and the Death Penalty Police Stress Repeated Recall Police Training and Evaluation Reporting Crimes and Victimization Police Use of Force Repressed and Recovered Memories Polygraph and Polygraph Techniques Response Latency in Eyewitness Identification Popout Effect in Eyewitness Identification Retention Interval and Eyewitness Memory Pornography, Effects of Exposure to Return-to-Work Evaluations Postdoctoral Residencies in Forensic Psychology Risk Assessment Approaches Postevent Information and Eyewitness Memory Risk-Sophistication-Treatment Inventory (RSTI) Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Rogers Criminal Responsibility Assessment Presence of Counsel Safeguard and Eyewitness Scales (R–CRAS) Identification Presentence Evaluations Scientific Jury Selection Pretrial Publicity, Impact on Juries Sentencing Decisions Prison Overcrowding Sentencing Diversion Programs Probation Decisions Serial Killers Procedural Justice Sex Offender Assessment Profiling Sex Offender Civil Commitment Prosecutorial Misconduct Sex Offender Community Notification (Megan’s Proxy Decision Making Laws) Psychiatric Advance Directives Sex Offender Needs Assessment Rating (SONAR) Psychological Autopsies Sex Offender Recidivism Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles Sex Offender Risk Appraisal Guide (SORAG) Psychopathic Personality Inventory (PPI) Sex Offender Treatment Psychopathy Sex Offender Typologies