Encyclopedia of Protestantism JA :F Encyclopedia of Buddhism Encyclopedia of Catholicism Encyclopedia of Hinduism Encyclopedia of Islam Encyclopedia of Judaism Encyclopedia of Protestantism Encyclopedia of World Religions nnnnnnnnnnn Encyclopedia of Protestantism JA :F J. Gordon Melton J. Gordon Melton, Series Editor Encyclopedia of Protestantism Copyright © 2005 by J. Gordon Melton All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information contact: Facts On File, Inc. 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Encyclopedia of Protestantism/[edited by] J. Gordon Melton. p. cm.—(Encyclopedias of world religions) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8160-5456-8 (alk. paper) 1. Protestantism—Encyclopedias. I. Melton, J. Gordon. II. Series. BX4811.3.E54 2005 280'.4'03—dc22 2004016792 Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions. Please call our Special Sales Department in New York at (212) 967-8800 or (800) 322-8755. You can find Facts On File on the World Wide Web at http://www.factsonfile.com. Text design by Erika Arroyo Cover design by Cathy Rincon Printed in the United States of America VB FOF 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 This book is printed on acid-free paper. contents K About the Editor vi List of Illustrations vii Preface ix Introduction: The Protestant Movement xi Chronology xx ENTRIES A TO Z 1 Bibliography 599 Index 605 about the editor K Series editor J. Gordon Melton is the director of edited more than three dozen books and the Institute for the Study of American Religion anthologies as well as numerous papers and arti- in Santa Barbara, California. He holds an M.Div. cles for scholarly journals. He is the series editor from the Garrett Theological Seminary and a for Religious Information Systems, which sup- Ph.D. from Northwestern University. Melton is plies data and information in religious studies the author of American Religions: An Illustrated and related fields. Melton is a member of the Historyand author of The Encyclopedia of Ameri- American Academy of Religion, the Society for can Religions: Religious Creeds; Religious Leaders the Scientific Study of Religion, the American of America; and several comprehensive works on Society of Church History, the Communal Stud- Islamic culture, African-American religion, cults, ies Association, and the Society for the Study of and alternative religions. He has written or Metaphysical Religion. vi list of illustrations K Short Street Church, Baltimore, Wheaton College, Illinois 211 Aimee Semple McPherson 369 Maryland 10 Early Quaker meeting depiction Statue of John Wesley 375 Kawaihao Church, Hawaii 23 230 Oldest Methodist church in Amish bookstore 26 John Hus 277 Mexico City 377 Cathedral Church of St. Anne Hutchinson 278 Dwight Moody 383 Andrew, Hawaii 29 Bible verse on roadside sign 289 Lottie Moon 384 Annie Armstrong 46 Angelus Temple 293 Interior of the Moravian church Statue of Francis Asbury 49 Moody Memorial Church, at Herrnhut, Germany 385 Lutheran Church, Augsburg, Chicago 301 Gravesite of Robert Morrison Germany 56 Waldensian Church, Turin, Italy 387 Wesleyan baptism 67 302 John R. Mott 388 Baptist mission, Mexico City 70 Japanese Christian diaspora Orphanage built by George Youth holding a Bible 83 congregation 306 Müller 389 Des Plaines Campgrounds 121 E. Stanley Jones 311 Watchman Nee 391 Presbyterian Church of Taiwan Adoniram Judson 313 Phoebe Palmer 414 141 Leontine Kelly 319 Stone Church, Toronto 421 Collegiate Church of St. James, Jessie Penn-Lewis 321 Statue of A. H. Francke 428 Wolverhampton, England 149 Helen Kim 322 Philip A. Potter 435 First Church of the Nazarene, Global Mission Church 329 First Presbyterian Church, Salt Washington, D.C. 155 Emilio Castro and Nelson Lake City 439 Thomas Coke 157 Mandela 339 Sandy Springs, Maryland, Bethany Congregational Church, Witness Lee and T. Austin Friends Meeting House 452 Santa Barbara, California 161 Sparks 347 Calvin auditory, Geneva, St. Luke Episcopal Church, Statue of Martin Luther, Switzerland 456 Honolulu, Hawaii 164 Worms, Germany 353 Chapel of the Air Ministries, Model of the Synod of Dort 191 Calvary Evangelical Church, Sil- Wheaton, Illinois 459 Church of Christ congregation ver Spring, Maryland 355 Restoration movement church, 197 Church at Marburg 362 Washington, D.C. 461 vii K viii Encyclopedia of Protestantism David Lipscomb’s log cabin Spurgeon’s Tabernacle, Universal Church of the King- 462 London 514 dom of God center, Atlanta, Luther Rice 468 Clara Swain 523 Georgia 557 St. Mark United Methodist James Hudson Taylor 528 Charles Wesley 565 Church, Santa Barbara, Cali- TEAM headquarters, Wheaton, John Wesley 566 fornia 478 Illinois 530 Home of Frances Willard, Seventh-day Adventist semi- Isabella Thoburn 531 Evanston, Illinois 574 nary, Collonges-sous-Salève, Desmond Tutu 539 Church door at Wittenburg, France 491 Hau’ula Congregational Germany 578 Menno Simons 496 Church, Oahu, Hawaii 545 First Methodist Church, William Taylor 507 Saint Paul’s Cathedral, London Evanston, Illinois 584 Southern Baptists headquarters, 547 Statue of Ulrich Zwingli 597 Nashville, Tennessee 509 Hollywood United Methodist Honolulu, Hawaii, Church, Hollywood, Califor- mission press 510 nia 550 preface K The Encyclopedias of World Religions series has in India across southern Asia and then through been designed to provide comprehensive coverage Tibet and China to Korea and Japan. Each time it of six major global religious traditions—Buddhism, crossed a language barrier, something was lost, Hinduism, Islam, Judaism, Roman Catholicism, but something seemed equally to be gained, and and Protestant Christianity. The volumes have been an array of forms of Buddhism emerged. In Japan constructed in an A-to-Z format to provide a handy alone, Buddhism exists in hundreds of different guide to the major terms, concepts, people, events, sect groupings. Protestantism, the newest of the and organizations that have, in each case, trans- six traditions, began with at least four different formed the religion from its usually modest begin- and competing forms of the religious life and has nings to the global force that it has become. since splintered into thousands of denominations. Each of these religions began as the faith of a At the beginning of the 19th century, the six relatively small group of closely related ethnic religious traditions selected for coverage in this peoples. Each has, in the modern world, become a series were largely confined to a relatively small global community, and, with one notable excep- part of the world. Since that time, the world has tion, each has transcended its beginning to changed dramatically, with each of the traditions become an international multiethnic community. moving from its geographical center to become a Judaism, of course, largely defines itself by its global tradition. While the traditional religions of common heritage and ancestry and has an alter- many countries retain the allegiance of a majority native but equally fascinating story. Surviving of the population, they do so in the presence of long after most similar cultures from the ancient the other traditions as growing minorities. Other past have turned to dust, Judaism has, in this cen- countries—China being a prominent example— tury, regathered its scattered people into a home- have no religious majority, only a number of land while simultaneously watching a new minorities that must periodically interface with diaspora carry Jews into most of the contempo- one another. rary world’s countries. The religiously pluralistic world created by the Each of the major traditions has also, in the global diffusion of the world’s religions has made modern world, become amazingly diverse. Bud- knowledge of religions, especially religions prac- dhism, for example, spread from its original home ticed by one’s neighbors, a vital resource in the ix