���������������������������������������� �������� ��������� ���������������� �������� ��������� ���������������������������������������� �������� ��������� ���������������� �������� ��������� � � � � � � � ���������������������� ��������������������������������� ������� JUNIOR WORLDMARK ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY Editors Graphics and Layout Cover Design Karen Ellicott and Susan Bevan Gall Steven Ollay Cynthia Baldwin Associate Editors Project Editor Composition Robert J. Groelsema, Ph.D., Allison McNeill Evi Seoud Jeneen Hobby, Ph.D., Maura Malone, and Rosalie Wieder Imaging and Multimedia Manufacturing Christine O’Bryan Rita Wimberley ©2003 by U•X•L. U•X•L is an imprint taping, Web distribution, or informa- Cover photographs reproduced of The Gale Group, Inc., a division of tion storage retrieval systems—without courtesy of Digital Stock (Matterhorn), Thomson Learning, Inc. the written permission of the publisher. 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Contents: v. 1. Afghanistan to Comoros -- v. 2. Congo, Democratic Republic of the to India -- v. 3. Indonesia to Mongolia -- v. 4. Morocco to Slovakia -- v. 5. Slovenia to Zimbabwe. ISBN 0-7876-6265-8 (set : hardcover) -- ISBN 0-7876-6266-6 (v. 1) -- ISBN 0-7876-6267-4 (v. 2) -- ISBN 0-7876-6268-2 (v. 3) -- ISBN 0-7876-6269-0 (v. 4) -- ISBN 0-7876-6633-5 (v. 5) 1. Physical geography--Encyclopedias, Juvenile. [1. Physical geography--Encyclopedias.] I. Ellicott, Karen. II. Gall, Susan B. GB58.J86 2003 910’.02’03--dc21 2003009019 Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 5 Con tents Volume 1 Cumulative Contents.................................vi Burkina Faso..........................................119 Countries by Continent............................viii Burundi..................................................123 Reader’s Guide............................................x Cambodia..............................................126 Words to Know.........................................xv Cameroon..............................................130 Afghanistan...............................................1 Canada..................................................135 Albania......................................................6 Cape Verde............................................145 Algeria.....................................................10 Central African Republic.......................148 Andorra...................................................15 Chad......................................................152 Angola.....................................................18 Chile......................................................157 Antarctica................................................22 China ....................................................162 Antigua and Barbuda..............................30 Colombia...............................................172 Argentina................................................33 Comoros................................................180 Armenia...................................................40 Australia..................................................44 Appendixes............................................xxvii Austria.....................................................54 A. Continents by Area................................xxvii Azerbaijan...............................................58 B. Countries by Area..................................xxvii Bahamas, The..........................................62 C. Countries by Population.......................xxxiii Bahrain....................................................65 D. Oceans and Seas by Area......................xxxix Bangladesh..............................................68 E. Oceans by Depth.......................................xli Barbados.................................................72 F. Islands by Area.........................................xlii Belarus.....................................................75 G. Deserts by Area.........................................xlv Belgium...................................................78 H. Mountains by Height...............................xlvi Belize.......................................................82 I. Volcanoes by Height....................................li Benin.......................................................86 J. Rivers over 1,000 Miles (1,600 Kilometers)...liv Bhutan.....................................................89 K. Waterfalls by Height.................................lvii Bolivia......................................................92 L. Lakes by Area.............................................lix Bosnia and Herzegovina.........................97 M. Lakes by Depth..........................................lxi Botswana...............................................101 N. Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.........lxiii Brazil.....................................................105 O. Seven Wonders of the Natural World.........lxiv Brunei ...................................................111 Bulgaria.................................................114 Selected Sources for Further Study...........lxv 5 Cumulative Contents Volume 1 Cyprus..............................................................27 Czech Republic.................................................31 Afghanistan........................................................1 Denmark...........................................................34 Albania...............................................................6 Djibouti............................................................39 Algeria..............................................................10 Dominica..........................................................42 Andorra............................................................15 Dominican Republic..........................................45 Angola..............................................................18 East Timor.........................................................51 Antarctica.........................................................22 Ecuador............................................................54 Antigua and Barbuda........................................30 Egypt................................................................59 Argentina..........................................................33 El Salvador........................................................66 Armenia............................................................40 Equatorial Guinea.............................................72 Australia............................................................44 Eritrea...............................................................76 Austria..............................................................54 Estonia..............................................................80 Azerbaijan.........................................................58 Ethiopia............................................................85 Bahamas, The...................................................62 Fiji....................................................................92 Bahrain.............................................................65 Finland.............................................................95 Bangladesh.......................................................68 France............................................................100 Barbados..........................................................72 Gabon............................................................107 Belarus..............................................................75 Gambia, The...................................................111 Belgium............................................................78 Georgia..........................................................114 Belize................................................................82 Germany........................................................118 Benin................................................................86 Ghana............................................................125 Bhutan..............................................................89 Greece............................................................130 Bolivia...............................................................92 Grenada.........................................................135 Bosnia and Herzegovina....................................97 Guatemala......................................................138 Botswana........................................................101 Guinea............................................................142 Brazil..............................................................105 Guinea-Bissau.................................................146 Brunei ............................................................111 Guyana...........................................................150 Bulgaria..........................................................114 Haiti...............................................................154 Burkina Faso...................................................119 Honduras........................................................158 Burundi..........................................................123 Hungary.........................................................162 Cambodia.......................................................126 Iceland............................................................166 Cameroon......................................................130 India...............................................................172 Canada...........................................................135 Cape Verde.....................................................145 Volume 3 Central African Republic..................................148 Indonesia............................................................1 Chad..............................................................152 Iran.....................................................................7 Chile...............................................................157 Iraq...................................................................15 China..............................................................162 Ireland..............................................................19 Colombia........................................................172 Israel.................................................................23 Comoros.........................................................180 Italy..................................................................28 Jamaica.............................................................34 Volume 2 Japan................................................................37 Congo (DROC)...................................................1 Jordan...............................................................46 Congo (ROC)......................................................6 Kazakhstan.......................................................50 Costa Rica.........................................................10 Kenya...............................................................55 Côte d’Ivoire.....................................................15 Kiribati..............................................................62 Croatia.............................................................19 Korea, North.....................................................65 Cuba................................................................23 Korea, South.....................................................70 vi Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of Physical Geography vii CUMULATIVE CONTENTS Kuwait..............................................................74 Rwanda..........................................................139 Kyrgyzstan........................................................77 Saint Kitts and Nevis.......................................142 Laos..................................................................81 Saint Lucia......................................................145 Latvia................................................................85 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines...................148 Lebanon...........................................................88 Samoa............................................................152 Lesotho.............................................................91 San Marino.....................................................156 Liberia..............................................................94 Sao Tome and Principe...................................158 Libya.................................................................97 Saudi Arabia...................................................161 Liechtenstein..................................................102 Senegal...........................................................166 Lithuania........................................................104 Serbia and Montenegro..................................171 Luxembourg...................................................108 Seychelles.......................................................176 Macedonia......................................................111 Sierra Leone....................................................180 Madagascar....................................................115 Singapore.......................................................184 Malawi...........................................................119 Slovakia..........................................................187 Malaysia.........................................................123 Maldives.........................................................129 Volume 5 Mali................................................................132 Slovenia..............................................................1 Malta..............................................................136 Solomon Islands..................................................5 Marshall Islands..............................................138 Somalia...............................................................9 Mauritania......................................................141 South Africa......................................................14 Mauritius........................................................145 Spain................................................................20 Mexico...........................................................149 Micronesia, Federated States of.......................155 Sri Lanka...........................................................27 Moldova.........................................................159 Sudan...............................................................32 Monaco..........................................................162 Suriname..........................................................39 Mongolia........................................................165 Swaziland.........................................................43 Sweden............................................................46 Volume 4 Switzerland.......................................................52 Syria.................................................................57 Morocco.............................................................1 Taiwan..............................................................62 Mozambique......................................................7 Tajikistan...........................................................66 Myanmar..........................................................13 Tanzania...........................................................70 Namibia............................................................18 Thailand...........................................................77 Nauru...............................................................24 Togo.................................................................83 Nepal...............................................................26 Tonga...............................................................86 Netherlands......................................................31 Trinidad and Tobago.........................................89 New Zealand....................................................36 Tunisia..............................................................93 Nicaragua.........................................................42 Turkey...............................................................97 Niger................................................................48 Turkmenistan..................................................105 Nigeria.............................................................51 Norway............................................................57 Tuvalu.............................................................109 Oman...............................................................63 Uganda...........................................................112 Pakistan............................................................67 Ukraine...........................................................117 Palau................................................................72 United Arab Emirates......................................123 Panama............................................................76 United Kingdom.............................................126 Papua New Guinea...........................................82 United States..................................................133 Paraguay...........................................................88 Uruguay.........................................................141 Peru..................................................................92 Uzbekistan......................................................144 Philippines........................................................99 Vanuatu..........................................................148 Poland............................................................106 Vatican ..........................................................152 Portugal..........................................................110 Venezuela.......................................................155 Puerto Rico.....................................................115 Vietnam..........................................................162 Qatar..............................................................119 Yemen............................................................166 Romania.........................................................122 Zambia...........................................................171 Russia.............................................................128 Zimbabwe......................................................175 vi Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of Physical Geography vii Countries of the World, by Continent Africa Togo Algeria Tunisia Angola Uganda Benin Zambia Botswana Zimbabwe Burkina Faso Asia Burundi Cameroon Afghanistan Cape Verde Armenia Chad Azerbaijan Comoros Bahrain Congo, Democratic Republic of the Bangladesh Congo, Republic of Bhutan Côte d’Ivoire Brunei Djibouti Cambodia Egypt China Equatorial Guinea Cyprus Eritrea East Timor Ethiopia Georgia Gabon India Gambia, The Indonesia Ghana Iran Guinea Iraq Guinea-Bissau Israel Guyana Japan Kenya Jordan Lesotho Kazakhstan Liberia Korea, North (Democratic People’s Republic of) Libya Korea, South (Republic of) Madagascar Kuwait Malawi Kyrgyzstan Mali Laos Mauritania Lebanon Mauritius Malaysia Morocco Mongolia Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nepal Niger Oman Nigeria Pakistan Rwanda Philippines São Tomé and Príncipe Qatar Senegal Russia Seychelles Saudi Arabia Sierra Leone Singapore Somalia Sri Lanka South Africa Syria Sudan Taiwan Swaziland Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand viii Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of Physical Geography ix COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD, BY CONTINENT Turkey North America Turkmenistan Antigua and Barbuda United Arab Emirates Bahamas Uzbekistan Barbados Vietnam Belize Yemen Canada Costa Rica Australia Cuba Australia Dominica Dominican Republic Europe Ecuador Albania El Salvador Andorra Guatemala Austria Haiti Belarus Honduras Belgium Jamaica Bosnia and Herzegovina Mexico Bulgaria Nicaragua Croatia Panama Czech Republic Puerto Rico Denmark Saint Kitts and Nevis Estonia Saint Lucia Finland Saint Vincent and the Grenadines France United States of America Germany Greece Oceania Hungary Note: The island nations lying in the Pacific Ocean Iceland are not part of any continent. Ireland Fiji Italy Kiribati Latvia Marshall Islands Liechtenstein Micronesia Lithuania Nauru Luxembourg New Zealand Macedonia Palau Malta Papua New Guinea Moldova Samoa Monaco Solomon Islands Netherlands Tonga Norway Tuvalu Poland Vanuatu Portugal Romania South America Russia Argentina San Marino Bolivia Serbia and Montenegro Brazil Slovakia Chile Slovenia Colombia Spain Paraguay Sweden Peru Switzerland Suriname Ukraine Trinidad and Tobago United Kingdom Uruguay Vatican City Venezuela viii Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of Physical Geography ix Reader’s Guide Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of Physical Each entry begins with a list of key facts about Geography presents a comprehensive survey of the physical characteristics of the country; the physical geography of 192 countries of the measurements are provided in both metric world plus Taiwan, Antarctica, and Puerto Rico. and English units. Student researchers should e entries are arranged alphabetically by be reminded that geography is an imprecise country in five volumes. Following the format science, and measurements of geographical of other popular titles in the Junior Worldmark features may vary from source to source. series, information in each entry is presented in a consistent format, allowing student Key Facts researchers to find information and compare countries quickly and easily. Official name  A topographic map—with notable mountain e countries of the world are referred ranges and peaks, lakes, rivers, deserts, and to by a common name; the more formal coastal areas labeled—accompanies each en- official name is listed here. try. In addition, more than 200 photographs illustrate the varied landscapes found in the Area  countries of the world. Adding further inter- e country’s area, usually including est are the “Did You Know?” boxes appearing islands, is provided in square kilometers in the entries, noting interesting or unusual and square miles. geographic features or facts or explaining regional geographic references. Highest point on mainland  e height, in meters and feet, is given for Organization the highest point on the mainland portion Each volume begins with the contents listed of the country. For most countries, this for that volume, followed by a cumulative is also the highest point anywhere in the table of contents for all five volumes in the country. set. To help researchers who wish to identify a country within one of the world’s continents, Highest point in territory  a finder table—Countries of the World by For some countries with islands and Continent—appears at the front of each territories, the highest point not on the volume. Words to Know, a glossary of terms mainland is provided in meters and feet. related to geography, completes the front matter. Entries for individual countries follow. Lowest point on land Although all numbered rubrics are included in  every entry, entries vary in length depending e elevation, in meters and feet, for the primarily on the geographic complexity of the lowest point on the mainland portion of country’s land area. the country is provided. x Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of Physical Geography xi