Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences 6 Volume Set - 3399 pages 2001 ISBN-13: 978-0-12-227430-5 ISBN-10: 0-12-227430-X Academic Press Edited by John H. Steele Karl K. Turekian Steve A. Thorpe   Description The Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences is the most current, authoritative, and comprehensive resource on the science of the oceans. This ambitious work includes contributions from leading scientists around the world on the physical processes that drive the oceans and the chemical, biological, and geological disciplines. The Encyclopedia also covers ancillary topics such as ocean technology, law of the oceans, global programs, marine policy, the use of the oceans for food and energy, and the impact of pollution and climate changes. The many different methods used to study the oceans are covered, from ship-based systems to satellite remote sensing. Users will enjoy easy access to more than 400 articles, each approximately 3000-4000 words in length with further reading lists and extensive cross referencing. Each article provides comprehensive coverage of a particular topic, and is designed for a wide audience of students, academics, researchers, and professionals. The articles are written at a level that allows undergraduate students to understand the material, while providing active researchers with the latest technical information. Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences Contents and Authors (Alpha by article title) Abrupt Climate Change Aeolian Inputs Author: Dr Stefan Rahmstorf Author: Professor R C Chester Affiliation:Potsdam-Institut für Affiliation:Liverpool University Klimafolgenforschung Agulhas Current Absorbance Spectroscopy for Chemical Sensors Author: Professor Johann Lutjeharms Author: Dr R Narayanaswamy Affiliation:University of Capetown Affiliation:UMIST Air-Sea Gas Exchange Abyssal Currents Author: Dr Bernd Jaehne Author: Dr Walter Zenk Affiliation:Universität Kiel Affiliation:University of Heidelberg Accretionary Prisms Air-Sea Interaction Dimethyl Sulphide, COS, CS2, NH4, Non-methane Hydrocarbons, Organo- halogens Author: Dr J Casey Moore Affiliation:University of California, Santa Cruz Author: Dr John W Dacey Acoustic Noise Affiliation:Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute Author: Professor Ira Dyer Air-Sea Interaction N2O, NO, CH4, CO Acoustic Scattering by Marine Organisms Author: Dr C S Law Affiliation:Plymouth Marine Laboratory Author: Dr Kenneth Foote Affiliation:Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Aircraft Remote Sensing Acoustics in Marine Sediments Author: Professor Lawrence W Harding Affiliation:University of Maryland Author: Dr Tuncay Akal Affiliation:NATO SACLANT Alcidae Acoustics, Arctic Author: Dr Tony Gaston Affiliation:National Wildlife Research Centre Author: Dr Peter N Mikhalevsky Affiliation:Science Applications International Antarctic Circumpolar Current Corporation Author: Dr John Klinck Acoustics, Deep Ocean Affiliation:Old Dominion University Author: Dr William A Kuperman Antarctic Fish Affiliation:Scripps Institution of Oceanography Author: Dr Inigo Everson Acoustics, Shallow Water Affiliation:British Antarctic Survey Author: Dr Finn B Jensen Affiliation:North Atlantic Treaty Organisation Anthropogenic Trace Elements in the Ocean Baleen Whales Author: Professor Edward A Boyle Author: Dr John L Bannister Affiliation:Massachusetts Institute of Technology Affiliation:Western Australian Museum Anti-fouling Materials Baltic Sea Circulation Author: Dr S M Evans Author: Professor Wolfgang Krauss Affiliation:Newcastle University Affiliation:Universität Kiel Approaches to Pollution Control Benguela Current Author: Professor John S Gray Author: Dr Vere Shannon Affiliation:Institute of Marine Biology and Affiliation:University of Cape Town Limnology Benthic Boundary Layer Effects Arctic Basin Circulation Author: Dr David J Wildish Author: Dr Bert Rudels Affiliation:St. Andrews Biological Station Affiliation:Finnish Institute of Marine Research Benthic Foraminifera Artificial Fishery Manipulation through Stock Enhancement or Manipulation Author: Dr Andrew J Gooday Affiliation:Southampton Oceanography Centre Author: Dr Martin Sayer Affiliation:Dunstaffnage Marine Laboratory Benthic Organisms Overview - MISSING Atlantic Equatorial Currents Author: Dr Paul F Kingston Affiliation:Heriot-Watt University Author: Professor George Philander Affiliation:Princeton University Bio-optical Models Atlantic Salmon Fisheries Author: Dr Andre Morel Affiliation:Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6 Author: Dr Peter Hutchinson Affiliation:North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organization Bioacoustics Author: Dr Peter L Tyack Atmospheric Input of Pollutants Affiliation:Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Author: Professor Robert A Duce Affiliation:Texas A & M University Biogeochemical Data Assimilation Author: Professor Eileen Hofmann Authigenic Deposits Affiliation:Old Dominion University Author: Professor Gary McMurtry Affiliation:University of Hawaii at Manoa Biology of Sandy Beaches Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUV's) Author: Professor A C Brown Affiliation:University of Cape Town Author: Dr James Bellingham Affiliation:MIT Sea Grant Bioluminescence Bacterioplankton Author: Dr Peter Herring Affiliation:Southampton Oceanography Centre Author: Dr Hugh W Ducklow Bottom Landers Affiliation:The Virginnia Institute of Marine Science Author: Dr Richard Jahnke Affiliation:Skidaway Institute of Oceanography Bottom Water Formation CFC's in the Ocean Author: Professor Arnold Gordon Author: Professor Rana A Fine Affiliation:Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory Affiliation:University of Miami Brazil and Falklands (Malvinas) Currents Chemistry of Hydrothermal Vent Fauna Author: Dr Alberto R Piola Author: Professor Karen L Von Damm Affiliation:Servicio de Hidrografia Naval Affiliation:University of New Hampshire Breaking Waves and Near-surface Turbulence Chlorinated Hydrocarbons Author: Professor Steve Thorpe, FRS Author: Professor John W Farrington Affiliation:Bodfryn Affiliation:Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Bubbles Clay Mineralogy Author: Dr D Woolf Author: Professor Hervé Chamley Affiliation:Southampton Oceanography Centre Affiliation:Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille Calcium Carbonates Climate and Fisheries Author: Professor Larry C Peterson Affiliation:University of Miami Author: Dr Andrew R Solow Affiliation:Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution California and Alaska Currents Climate and Plankton Author: Professor Barbara M Hickey Affiliation:University of Washington Author: Dr P Chris Reid Affiliation:SAHFOS Canary and Portugal Currents Climate Models in Paleoceanography Author: Dr Des Barton Affiliation:School of Ocean Sciences Author: Dr William Hay Affiliation:GEOMAR Carbon Cycle CO2 Cycle Author: Dr Craig Carlson Affiliation:University of California Author: Dr Taro Takahashi Affiliation:Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory Carbon Sequestration via Direct Injection Coastal Circulation Models Author: Dr Howard J Herzog Affiliation:Massachusetts Institute of Technology Author: Professor Francisco E Werner Affiliation:The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Cenozoic Climate - Oxygen Isotope Evidence Coastal Trapped Waves Author: Professor James D Wright Affiliation:Rutgers University Author: Dr John M Huthnance Affiliation:Proudman Oceanography Laboratory Cenozoic Oceans - Carbon Cycle Models Coastal Zone Management Author: Dr Louis François Affiliation:Laboratoire de Physique Atmosphérique et Planétaire Author: Dr Seoung-yong Hong Affiliation:Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries (MOMAF) Cephalopods Author: Professor Peter Boyle Affiliation:University of Aberdeen Conservative Elements Data Assimilation in Models Author: Professor David Dyrssen Author: Professor Alan R Robinson Affiliation:Gothenburg University Affiliation:Harvard University Continuous Plankton Recorders Deep Convection Author: Dr Antony John Author: Dr John Lazier Affiliation:Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Affiliation:Bedford Institute of Oceanography Science Deep Sea Drilling Methodology Copepods Author: Dr Kate Moran Author: Dr Roger Harris Affiliation:Joint Oceanographic Institutions Affiliation:Plymouth Marine Laboratory Deep Sea Drilling Results Coral Reef and Tropical Species Fisheries Author: Dr Jack G Baldauf Author: Dr Villy Christensen Affiliation:Texas A&M University Affiliation:University of British Columbia Deep Sea Fish Coral Reef Fish Author: Dr J D M Gordon Author: Dr Mark A Hixon Affiliation:Scottish Association for Marine Science Affiliation:Oregon State University Deep Water Manned Submersibles Coral Reefs Author: Dr Hiroshi Hotta Author: Dr John W McManus Affiliation:Japan Marine Science and Technology Affiliation:National Center for Atlantic and Center (JAMSTEC) Caribbean Reef Research Deep-Sea Fauna Corals and Human Disturbance Author: Dr J Frederick Grassle Author: Dr Nicolas J Pilcher Affiliation:Rutgers University Affiliation:Universiti Malaysia Sarawak Deep-Sea Ridges, Microbiology Cosmogenic Isotopes Author: Dr Anna-Louise Reysenbach Author: Professor Devendra Lal Affiliation:Portland State University Affiliation:Scripps Institution of Oceanography Deep-sea Sediment Drifts Coupled Sea Ice-Ocean Models Author: Dr Dorrik A V Stow Author: Dr Aike Beckmann Affiliation:Southampton Oceanography Centre Affiliation:Alfred-Wegener-Institut für Polar- und Meeresforschung Demersal Fish Crustacean Fisheries Author: Dr Odd Aksel Bergstad Affiliation:Institute of Marine Research Author: Dr J W Penn Affiliation:Western Australian Marine Research Demersal Species Fisheries Laboratories Author: Dr Keith Brander CTD Dispersion and Diffusion in the Deep Ocean Author: Mr Ken Lawson Affiliation:Sea-Bird Electronics Inc. Author: Dr Raymond W Schmitt Affiliation:Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Dispersion from Hydrothermal Vents El Niño Southern Oscillation Models Author: Dr Karl Helfrich Author: Professor George Philander Affiliation:Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Affiliation:Princeton University Dispersion in Shallow Seas Electrical Properties of Sea Water Author: Dr Roger Proctor Author: Dr Ralf Prien Affiliation:Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory Affiliation:Southampton Oceanography Centre Diversity of Marine Species Elemental Distribution Overview Author: Dr Paul Snelgrove Author: Dr Yoshiyuki Nozaki Affiliation:Memorial University of Newfoundland Affiliation:University of Tokyo Double-diffusive Convection Environmental, Economic and Social Impacts of Mariculture Author: Dr Raymond W Schmitt Affiliation:Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Author: Dr Kenneth Black Affiliation:Dunstaffnage Marine Laboratory Drifters and Floats Estuarine Circulation Author: Dr Philip L Richardson Affiliation:Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Author: Professor Keith Dyer Affiliation:University of Plymouth Dynamics of Exploited Marine Fishery Populations Eutrophication Author: Dr Michael Fogarty Affiliation:NOAA, NMFS Author: Dr Victor de Jonge Affiliation:National Institute for Coastal and Marine Management East Australian Current Evaporation and Humidity Author: Dr George Cresswell Affiliation:CSIRO Marine Research Author: Dr Kristina Katsaros Affiliation:Atlantic Oceanographic & Meteorological Ecosystem Effects of Fishing Laboratories Author: Professor Stephen J Hall Exotic Species, Introduction of Affiliation:AIMS Author: Dr Dan Minchin Eels Affiliation:Marine Organism Investigations Author: Dr J D McCleave Expendable Sensors Affiliation:Univeristy of Maine Author: Dr John Scott Effects of Pollution on Marine Communities Affiliation:DERA Winfrith Author: Dr Richard Warwick Fish Ecophysiology Affiliation:Plymouth Marine Laboratory Author: Professor John Davenport Ekman Transport and Pumping Affiliation:University College Cork Author: Dr Teresa K Chereskin Fish Feeding and Foraging Affiliation:Scripps Institution of Oceanography Author: Dr P Hart El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Affiliation:University of Leicester Author: Dr Kevin E Trenberth Fish Hearing, Lateral Lines Affiliation:National Center for Atmospheric Research Author: Professor A N Popper Author: Dr Ronald Fonteyne Affiliation:University of Maryland Affiliation:Agricultural Research Centre Ghent Fish Horizontal Migration Fjord Circulation Author: Dr G P Arnold Author: Professor Anders Stigebrandt Affiliation:CEFAS Laboratory Affiliation:Göteborg University Fish Larvae Fjordic Ecosystems Author: Professor E D Houde Author: Professor Kurt Tande Affiliation:University of Maryland Affiliation:Norwegian College of Fishery Science Fish Locomotion Floc Layers Author: Dr J Videler Author: Dr Richard Lampitt Affiliation:Rijksuniversiteit Groningen Affiliation:Southampton Oceanography Centre Fish Predation and Mortality Florida Current, Gulf Stream and Labrador Current Author: Dr Kevin M Bailey Author: Dr Philip L Richardson Affiliation:NW and Alaska Fisheries Center Affiliation:Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Fish Reproduction Flows in Straits and Channels Author: Professor John H S Blaxter Author: Dr David Farmer Affiliation:Dems Lodge Affiliation:Institute of Ocean Sciences Fish Schooling Fluorometry for Biological Sensing Author: Dr T J Pitcher Author: Professor Jim Aiken Affiliation:University of British Columbia Affiliation:Plymouth Marine Laboratory Fish Vertical Migration Fluorometry for Chemical Sensing Author: Dr J D Neilson Author: Dr Sonja Draxler Affiliation:Department of Fisheries and Oceans Affiliation:Karl Frazens Universitat Fish Vision Forward Problem in Numerical Models Author: Dr R H Douglas Author: Dr Michael A Spall Affiliation:City University London Affiliation:Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Fisheries Overview Fossil Turbulence Author: Dr Michael Fogarty Author: Professor Carl H Gibson Affiliation:NOAA, NMFS Affiliation:University of California San Diego Fishery Management Freshwater Transport and Climate Author: Dr Michael P Sissenwine Author: Dr Susan Wijffells Affiliation:NOAA Fisheries, Northwest Fisheries Affiliation:CSIRO Division of Marine Research Science Center Gas Exchange in Estuaries Fishery Management, Human Dimension Author: Professor Mary I Scranton Author: Professor Bonnie J McCay Affiliation:State University of New York at Stony Affiliation:Rutgers University Brook Fishing Methods and Fishing Fleets Gelatinous Zooplankton History of Ocean Sciences Author: Dr Laurence P Madin Author: Dr Helen Rozwadowski Affiliation:Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution History of Satellite Oceanography and Introductory General Circulation Models Concepts Author: Dr Glenn R Ierley Author: Dr Stan Wilson Affiliation:Scripps Institution of Oceanography Affiliation:NOAA Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale Holocene Climate Variability Author: Dr C G Langereis Author: Dr Mark Maslin Affiliation:University of Utrecht Affiliation:University College London Geomorphology Human Impact on the Coastal Topography Author: Professor Colin Woodroffe Author: Professor David Bush Affiliation:University of Wollongong Affiliation:State University of West Georgia Geophysical Heat Flow Hydrothermal Vent Biota Author: Dr Richard P Von Herzen Author: Dr Richard Lutz Affiliation:Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Affiliation:Rutgers University Glacial Crustal Rebound, Sea Levels and Shorelines Hydrothermal Vent Deposits Author: Professor Kurt Lambeck Author: Dr Rachel Haymon Affiliation:The Australian National University Affiliation:University of California, Santa Barbara Global Marine Pollution Hydrothermal Vent Ecology Author: Dr Alasdair McIntyre Author: Professor Cindy Van Dover Affiliation:The College of William and Mary Grabs for Shelf Benthic Sampling Ice-induced Gouging of the Seafloor Author: Dr Paul F Kingston Affiliation:Heriot-Watt University Author: Dr Wilford F Weeks Gravity Ice-Ocean Interaction Author: Dr Marcia McNutt Author: Professor James H Morison Affiliation:MBARI Affiliation:University of Washington Harmful Phytoplankton Blooms Ice-shelf Stability Author: Dr Donald M Anderson Author: Dr Chris Doake Affiliation:Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Affiliation:British Antarctic Survey Heat and Momentum Fluxes at the Sea Surface Icebergs Author: Dr Peter K Taylor Author: Dr Deborah Diemand Affiliation:Southampton Oceanography Centre Affiliation:Coriolis North Heat Transport and Climate Indian Ocean Equatorial Currents Author: Dr Alison MacDonald Author: Dr Michele Fieux Affiliation:Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Affiliation:Université Pierre et Marie Curie, LODYC Indonesian Throughflow and Leeuwin Current Iron Fertilisation Author: Dr Stuart Godfrey Author: Dr Kenneth Coale Affiliation:CSIRO Division of Marine Research Affiliation:Moss Landing Marine Laboratories Inherent Optical Properties and Irradiance Island Wakes Author: Professor Tommy Dickey Author: Dr Des Barton Affiliation:University of California, Santa Barbara Affiliation:School of Ocean Sciences Internal Tidal Mixing Krill Author: Professor Walter Munk Author: Dr Eugene Murphy Affiliation:University of California San Diego Affiliation:British Antarctic Survey Internal Tides Kuroshio and Oyashio Currents Author: Dr Richard Ray Author: Professor Bo Qiu Affiliation:HSTX, NASA/GSFC Affiliation:University of Hawaii at Manoa Internal Waves Laboratory Experiments and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Author: Professor Christopher Garrett Affiliation:Department of Physics Author: Professor Steve Thorpe, FRS Affiliation:Bodfryn International Organizations Lagoons Author: Dr Michael R Reeve Affiliation:National Science Foundation Author: Professor Richard Barnes Affiliation:University of Cambridge Intertidal Fish Lagrangian Biological Models Author: Dr R N Gibson Affiliation:Dunstaffnage Marine Laboratory Author: Professor Donald B Olson Affiliation:University of Miami Intra-Americas Sea Land-Sea Global Transfers Author: Dr George A Maul Affiliation:Florida Institute of Technology Author: Professor Fred T Mackenzie Affiliation:University of Hawai'i at Manoa Introduction to Ocean Circulation Langmuir Circulation and Instability Author: Dr Neil Wells Affiliation:Southampton Oceanography Centre Author: Professor Sidney Leibovich Affiliation:Cornell University Intrusions Large Igneous Provinces Author: Professor David L Hebert Affiliation:University of Rhode Island Author: Dr Millard Coffin Affiliation:University of Texas at Austin Inverse Models Large Marine Ecosystems Author: Professor Carl Wunsch Affiliation:Massachusetts Institute of Technology Author: Dr Ken Sherman Affiliation:63 Beech Hill Road IR Radiometers Laridae, Sternidae and Rynchopidae Author: Dr Craig Donlon Affiliation:European Commision Joint Research Author: Professor Joanna Burger Centre Affiliation:Rutgers University Law of the Sea Marine Mammal Evolution and Taxonomy Author: Dr Porter Hoagland Author: Dr John Heyning Affiliation:Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Affiliation:The Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Long Term Tracer Changes Marine Mammal Migrations and Movement Patterns Author: Dr Friedhelm von Blanckenburg Affiliation:Universität Bern Author: Dr Peter Corkeron Affiliation:Norwegian Institute of Fisheries Macrobenthos Marine Mammal Overview Author: Professor John D Gage Affiliation:Scottish Association for Marine Science Author: Dr Peter L Tyack Affiliation:Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Magnetics Marine Mammal Social Organisation and Communication Author: Professor Fred J Vine Affiliation:University of East Anglia Author: Dr Peter L Tyack Affiliation:Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Manganese Nodules Marine Mammal Trophic Levels and Interactions Author: Professor David Cronan Author: Dr Andrew W Trites Mangroves Affiliation:University of British Columbia Author: Dr Mark Spalding Marine Mammals, History of Exploitation Affiliation:World Conservation Monitoring Centre Author: Dr Randall Reeves Mariculture Diseases and Health Marine Mats Author: Dr Anthony E Ellis Affiliation:Scottish Office Agriculture and Fisheries Department (SOAFD) Author: Dr Alan Kemp Affiliation:Southampton Oceanography Centre Mariculture of Aquarium Fishes Marine Mesocosms Author: Professor Nigel Forteath Author: Professor John Steele Affiliation:Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Mariculture of Mediterranean Species Marine Policy Overview Author: Dr Gilbert Barnabe Affiliation:Universite de Montpellier II Author: Dr Porter Hoagland Affiliation:Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Mariculture Overview Marine Protected Areas Policy Author: Dr Lindsay Laird Affiliation:Aberdeen University Author: Dr Porter Hoagland Affiliation:Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Marine Fishery Resources, Global State Marine Silica Cycle Author: Dr Serge Garcia Affiliation:Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Author: Professor David J DeMaster Affiliation:North Carolina State University Marine Mammal Diving Physiology Marine Snow Author: Professor Gerald L Kooyman Affiliation:Scripps Institution of Oceanography Author: Dr Richard Lampitt Affiliation:Southampton Oceanography Centre