To Corinne, ut semper, and to Perrine for her first birthday ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank my esteemed teachers Régis Boyer and Georges Zink (Sorbonne); my old friend Ronald Grambo (Oslo) for his help; Jon Graham for his ongoing interest in my books and for his translations; and, last but not least, Michael Moynihan for valuable references and suggestions for expanding and updating the information in this volume. Fig. 1. Picture stone from Lärbro on the island of Gotland, Sweden, eighth century. Photo by Jürgen Howaldt. CONTENTS Cover Image Title Page Dedication Acknowledgments Editor’s Note: How to Use this Encyclopedia Introduction I. THE SOURCES II. THE GERMANIC GODS III. RAGNARÖK AND THE RENEWAL OF THE WORLD IV. THE SURVIVAL OF THE GODS V. FOLK MYTHOLOGY VI. MYTHOLOGY, ARTS, AND LITERATURE NOTES Encyclopedia of Norse and Germanic Folklore, Mythology, and Magic: From AAGE to ZWIESAUGER A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V W Y Z Footnote Bibliography About the Author About Inner Traditions • Bear & Company Books of Related Interest Copyright & Permissions EDITOR’S NOTE HOW TO USE THIS ENCYCLOPEDIA Claude Lecouteux’s Encyclopedia of Norse and Germanic Folklore, Mythology, and Magic offers a stimulating and fascinating overview of its vast subject matter, which is drawn from the ancient and medieval cultures of Europe, England, and Scandinavia. While this is not the only reference handbook available in English that deals with Norse mythological material, it truly distinguishes itself with the veritable wealth of Germanic folkloric and legendary material that appears here—much of it previously inaccessible to English readers. We have endeavored to faithfully reproduce various original names and terms in keeping with the traditional orthography (spelling) from languages such as Old Norse, Old English, and modern Icelandic. Two letters that may be unfamiliar to some readers are those known as “eth” (Ð/ð) and “thorn” (Þ/þ), which represent the sound that is reproduced as th in modern texts (the character “eth” corresponds to the voiced th sound, as in the English word “that,” while “thorn” corresponds to the unvoiced th sound, as in the English word “thin”). Entry names that begin with the letter Þ appear in the T section, alphabetized as if they begin with “Th.” Old Norse—and its descendant, modern Icelandic—is a highly inflected language, and one indication of this is in the nominative final -r ending that appears on certain nouns. This includes many proper names such as Freyr and Heimdallr, Asgarðr (Asgard), Miðgarðr (Midgard), and so forth. The original orthography is generally retained throughout the encyclopedia entries, except for the god names—Odin and Thor—which generally appear in their modern, anglicized spellings instead of their Old Norse forms (Óðinn, Þórr). Occasionally a reference is made to certain names or words for which no literal attestation exists. This may be due to their great age or simply the arbitrary nature of the historical record that has come down to us. These earlier forms, which have been reliably reconstructed by historical linguists, appear preceded by an asterisk. Two examples would be the names of the proto- Germanic deities Nerthuz (the antecedent of the continental goddess Nerthus and the Norse god Njörðr) and Tiwaz (the antecedent of the Norse god Týr, the Anglo-Saxon god Tiw, and the continental German god Ziu). In the presentation of the individual entries, the English edition follows the same basic format as its French predecessor. The keyword appears in bold capital letters, followed by a translation/interpretation of the word—for example, ÁLFHEIMR (“World of the Elves”). When relevant, additional grammatical information may be included, such as sg. (singular) and pl. (plural), as well as the gender of the noun itself: masc. (masculine), fem. (feminine), or neut. (neuter). Many entries are followed by suggestions for further reading. References to books appear first, concisely cited by the author’s last name together with the main title of the book. For the complete information on a given book, the reader should refer to the bibliography at the back of the encyclopedia. Articles or essays are given full citations as they are not included in the bibliography. These references for further reading are not meant to be complete, nor do they provide the history of scholarship on a given topic, which is often vast. They are simply Professor Lecouteux’s suggestions of a few useful starting points that a curious reader may wish to investigate further. With regard to Norse entries in particular, more detailed information can be found by consulting John Lindow’s Norse Mythology: A Guide to Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Beliefs (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002) or Rudolf Simek’s Dictionary of Northern Mythology (Woodbridge, U.K.: Boydell, 1993). The latter work in particular provides detailed references on the history of the scholarship that has been done on these topics. Neither of these volumes makes any attempt to systematically deal with Germanic folklore or continental literature, however. INTRODUCTION NORSE AND GERMANIC MYTHOLOGY AND FOLKLORE Traditions of Considerable Influence Interest in Norse and Germanic mythology has been growing in recent decades, yet it probably remains less well known to the public at large than Celtic—and especially Arthurian—mythology, which has enjoyed a long period of popularity in Western Europe and North America. For many people, the main frame of reference for Germanic and Norse myth is through Wagner’s Ring Cycle, which has done as much harm as good to its source material. Furthermore, Germanic mythology still has an unsavory reputation due to its appropriation for some aspects of Nazi ideology, which has led many to view it as a vehicle for pernicious ideas. Fortunately, there is no truth to this as it is a misunderstanding of the modern myth of the blond, “Aryan” German, a notion that was itself based on erroneous interpretations.1 Another modern myth, that of the Viking, has popularized the image of burly, violent, bloodthirsty brutes swearing oaths in the name of Odin and Thor and drinking mead from the skulls of their victims.2 This is the stock portrait of Vikings that we often come across in popular movies and books, or in graphic novels such as Asterix and the Normans. In this regard it is interesting to note that in Normandy, France, even into the nineteenth century, the prayer “A furore Normannorum libera nos domine” (Lord, deliver us from the fury of the Northmen!) continued to be included among the litanies of the church. Distorted by these sorts of misunderstandings, ancient Germanic and Norse civilization tends to repel rather than attract, all the more so as the bulk of serious works on the topic have been restricted to academics. Germanic mythology remains the victim of prejudice. The influence of the ancient Germanic peoples on the development of European culture has been considerable. It is too often forgotten that the Franks,