FM-Bakken-4851.qxd 1/18/2006 2:38 PM Page i FM-Bakken-4851.qxd 1/18/2006 2:38 PM Page ii To Ocean Chi Kiang Bakken of Bozeman, Montana and the memory of Susan Ellsworth FM-Bakken-4851.qxd 1/18/2006 2:38 PM Page iii FM-Bakken-4851.qxd 1/18/2006 2:38 PM Page iv Copyright © 2006 by Sage Publications,Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,electronic or mechanical,including photocopying,recording,or by any information storage and retrieval system,without permission in writing from the publisher. For information: Sage Publications,Inc. 2455 Teller Road Thousand Oaks,California 91320 E-mail:[email protected] Sage Publications Ltd. 1 Oliver’s Yard 55 City Road London EC1Y 1SP United Kingdom Sage Publications India Pvt. Ltd. B-42,Panchsheel Enclave Post Box 4109 New Delhi 110 017 India Printed in the United States of America. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Encyclopedia of immigration and migration in the American West / editors Gordon Morris Bakken,Alexandra Kindell. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-4129-0550-8 (cloth :alk. paper) 1. Migration,Internal—West (U.S.)—History—Encyclopedias. 2. West (U.S.)—Emigration and immigration—Encyclopedias. 3. Indians of North America—West (U.S.)—Encyclopedias. 4. African Americans—West (U.S.)—Encyclopedias. 5. Immigrants—West (U.S.)—Encyclopedias. 6. Ethnology—West (U.S.) 7. Pioneers—West (U.S.)—Encyclopedias. I. Bakken,Gordon Morris. II. Kindell,Alexandra. HB1965.E53 2006 304.8′78003—dc22 2005025714 This book is printed on acid-free paper. 06 07 08 09 10 11 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Publisher: Rolf Janke Acquisitions Editor: Jerry Westby Reference Systems Coordinator: Leticia Gutierrez Project Editor: Tracy Alpern Copy Editors: Stacey Shimizu Catherine Chilton Cate Huisman Typesetter: C&M Digitals (P) Ltd. Indexer: David Luljak Cover Designer: Michelle Lee Kenny FM-Bakken-4851.qxd 1/18/2006 2:38 PM Page v C ONTENTS List of Entries, vii Reader’s Guide, xiii About the Editors, xvii Contributors, xix Acknowledgments, xxiii Preface, xxv Introduction, xxvii Entries Volume I: A–L 1–428 Volume II: M–Z 429–736 Appendix Master Bibliography, A-1–A-42 FM-Bakken-4851.qxd 1/18/2006 2:38 PM Page vi FM-Bakken-4851.qxd 1/18/2006 2:38 PM Page vii L E IST OF NTRIES Acjachemen. See Juaneños Bisbee and Douglas,Arizona African American Communities in California Black Hills Gold Rush of 1874 African American Migration Patterns. See Goldfield, Blackfoot Nation Nevada; Helena, Montana; Nicodemus, Kansas; Bloom, Jessie S. Topeka, Kansas; Wichita, Kansas Boise, Idaho Alien Land Law of 1913 Border Patrol. See Immigration and Alien Registration Act of 1940. See Forced Naturalization Service (INS) Migration of Italians During World War II Boyle Heights, California American Indian Migration to Phoenix,Arizona Bozeman, Montana Anglo Migration to Southern California Bozeman Trail. SeeBozeman,Montana; Crow Nation Before the Depression Bracero Program. See Immigration and Apache Naturalization Service (INS), Mexican Migration Apache Pass Trail. See Euro-American to California, Operation Wetback Migration on the Overland Trails Brent, Joseph Lancaster Arapaho Brigham City, Utah Arizona Copper Discoveries Bureau of Immigration. See Immigration and Asian Immigration Law Naturalization Service (INS) Assiniboine Bureau of Indian Affairs Atchison,Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. Burlingame Treaty. See Chinese Exclusion Act; See Harvey, Frederick Henry Chinese Immigration Austin, Stephen Fuller Butte, Montana Australian Immigrants. See Idaho Silver Strikes Cahuilla Nation Bakersfield, California. See French Basques of California Eagle,The. SeeBass,Charlotta A. Spear(s) Bakersfield, California California Indians of the North Coast and Bartleson, John Northwestern Coast Basque Americans California Indians of the Northern Mountains Bass, Charlotta A. Spear(s) California Indians of the Northern Valley Bass, Joseph Blackburn (J. B.). See Bass, California Libraries in the Post–World War II Era Charlotta A. Spear(s) Campbell, Hardy Webster. See Dry Farming Bear Flag Revolt. See Fremont, John Charles; Carr, Jeanne Carver Smith Rowland-Workman Expedition of 1841 Chapman, Joseph Bidwell, John Chemehuevi Bidwell-Bartleson Party. See Bartleson, John; Cherokee Nation. SeeTrail of Tears Bidwell, John Cheyennes Billings, Montana Chileans and the California Gold Rush vii FM-Bakken-4851.qxd 1/18/2006 2:38 PM Page viii viii———Encyclopedia of Immigration and Migration in the American West China Lake, Inyokern, and Ridgecrest, California Executive Order 9066. See Forced Migration of Chinatowns Italians During World War II, German and Chinese Exclusion Act Italian Internment, Japanese Internment Chinese Immigration Exodusters. SeeTopeka, Kansas; Wichita, Kansas Chiricahua. SeeApache Chumash. See Gabrielino Farming Families on the Oregon Frontier Cody,Wyoming Farnham,Thomas J. SeeBartleson,John; Bidwell,John Coeur d’Alene, Idaho. See Lewiston and Coeur Feldenheimer, Edith d’Alene, Idaho Fifty-Niners. See Denver, Pueblo, Boulder, Fort Collier, John. See Bureau of Indian Affairs Collins, and Colorado Springs, Colorado Comstock Lode, 1859 Fitzpatrick,Thomas. SeeBartleson,John; Bidwell,John Confederate Veterans in Southern California Flathead Valley. See Kalispell, Montana Copper Queen Mine. SeeArizona Copper Foltz, Clara Shortridge Discoveries; Bisbee and Douglas,Arizona Foote, Mary Hallock Cornish Immigrants. See Grass Valley, California; Forced Migration of Anarchists Idaho Silver Strikes Forced Migration of Italians During World War II Creek Nation Fort Laramie Treaty. See Black Hills Gold Rush Cripple Creek, Colorado of 1874 Crow Nation Fort Worth,Texas Cupeños Frank, Ray Custer, George Armstrong. See Black Hills Gold Fraser River Gold Rush of 1858 Rush of 1874; Crow Nation Fremont, John Charles Czechs and Swedes in Saunders County, Nebraska French Basques of Bakersfield, California Fresno, California Dawes Allotment Act of 1887. See Blackfoot Frisco Mine, Beaver County, Utah Nation, Bureau of Indian Affairs, Chemehuevi Frisians Dearfield, Colorado Defense Industry Gabrielino Dellums, Cottrell Lawrence Gale,William Alden Denver, Pueblo, Boulder, Fort Collins, and Gallatin Valley, Montana Colorado Springs, Colorado Garra,Antonio. See Cahuilla Nation, Cupeños Dillingham Commission. See Immigration and Geary Act. See Chinese Exclusion Act Naturalization Service Gentleman’s Agreement Donner, George and Jacob. See Donner Party German Immigration Patterns. See German Donner Party and Italian Internment; Helena, Montana Douglas,Arizona. See Bisbee and German and Italian Internment Douglas,Arizona Gianforte, Greg Dry Farming Gila Trail. See Euro-American Migration Duniway,Abigail Scott on the Overland Trails Gilead, Kansas Emergency Immigration Act of 1921. See Gold. See Black Hills Gold Rush of 1874; Chileans Immigration and Naturalization Service and the California Gold Rush; Gallatin Valley, Enlarged Homestead Act of 1909 Montana; Goldfield, Nevada; Grass Valley, Espionage Act of 1917. See Forced Migration of California; Helena, Montana; Kalispell, Montana; Anarchists Sutter, Johann August; Tonopah, Nevada; Virginia Euro-American Migration on the Overland Trails City, Montana FM-Bakken-4851.qxd 1/18/2006 2:38 PM Page ix List of Entries———ix Goldfield, Nevada Indian Reorganization Act. See Blackfoot Goldman, Emma. See Forced Migration of Nation, Bureau of Indian Affairs Anarchists Inyo County, California Grass Valley, California Iran-Iraq War and the Migration of Iranian Great Exodus,The. SeeTopeka, Kansas; Wichita, Youth to California Kansas Irish in the West Great Falls, Montana Irvine, James Harvey Great Northern Railroad. See Kalispell, Montana Irvine Ranch. See Irvine, James Harvey Gros Ventre Italian Immigrants. See German and Italian Internment Hart-Cellar Act. See Immigration Act of 1965 Hartnell,William Jacks, David Baird Harvey, Frederick Henry Jackson, Oliver Touissant. See Dearfield, Colorado Hastings, Lansford Warren. See Donner Party, Euro- Jackson,Wyoming American Migration on the Overland Trails Japanese Immigration. See Gentleman’s Havasupais. See Upland Yumans Agreement; Helena, Montana Heart Mountain. See Cody,Wyoming Japanese Internment Helena, Montana Japantown. See Little Tokyo and Japantown Helena’s Exploited Resources Jewish Migration Patterns. See Gilead, Kansas; Homestead Act Helena, Montana Hopi Jicarilla. SeeApache Houston, Samuel. SeeAustin, Stephen Fuller Johnson-Reed Act. See Immigration and Hualapais. See Upland Yumans Naturalization Service (INS) Huntington Beach, California Juaneños Julian, California Idaho Silver Strikes Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Kalispell, Montana Responsibility Act. See Immigration and Kelsey, Benjamin. See Bartleson, John Naturalization Service (INS), Immigration Kiowa-Apache. SeeApache Reform and Control Act of 1986 Koreatown Immigrant Act of 1917. See Forced Migration Kumeyaay (Diegueño, I’ipay, and Tipai) of Anarchists Immigration Act of 1924. See Immigration Act Lake Havasu City,Arizona of 1965, Immigration and Naturalization Lakotas Service (INS), Immigration Reform and Control Lankershim, Isaac Act of 1986, Operation Wetback Las Vegas, Nevada Immigration Act of 1965 Last Chance Gulch, Montana Immigration Commission, U.S. See Immigration Lawyers and Legislation and Naturalization Service (INS) Leadville, Colorado Immigration and Nationality Act. See Lewis, Meriwether. See Blackfoot Nation Immigration Act of 1965, Immigration Lewiston and Coeur d’Alene, Idaho Reform and Control Act of 1986 Libby, Montana Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) Libraries and the Immigrant Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 Lincoln, Nebraska Indian Peace Policy. See Bureau of Indian Affairs Lipan. SeeApache Indian Removal Act of 1830 Little Bighorn. See Black Hills Gold Rush of 1874