ENCYCLOPEDIA OF HISTORICAL TREATIES AND ALLIANCES Second Edition Charles Phillips and Alan Axelrod Encyclopedia of Historical Treaties and Alliances, Second Edition Copyright © 2006, 2001 by Zenda, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information contact: Facts On File, Inc. An imprint of Infobase Publishing 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Phillips, Charles, 1948– Encyclopedia of historical treaties and alliances/ Charles L. Phillips and Alan Axelrod— 2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8160-6075-4 (hc) I. Treaties—Sources. 2. Treaties—History—Encyclopedias. I. Axelrod, Alan, 1952– II. Title. KZ1160.P48 2005 341.3'7'09—dc22 2005040003 Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions. Please call our Special Sales Department in New York at (212) 967-8800 or (800) 322-8755. You can find Facts On File on the World Wide Web at http://www.factsonfile.com Text design by Erika K. Arroyo Cover design by Cathy Rincon Printed in the United States of America VB FOF 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 This book is printed on acid-free paper. CONTENTS . ALPHABETICAL LIST OF TREATIES vii PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION xi INTRODUCTION xiii 1 THE ANCIENT WORLD 1 I. Introduction 3 II. Treaties 5 2 MEDIEVAL ROOTS 9 I. Introduction 11 II. Treaties 13 3 THE BIRTH OF MODERN DIPLOMACY 27 I. Introduction 29 II. Treaties 33 4 THE AGE OF REASON 71 I. Introduction 73 II. Treaties 77 Peace Treaties and Truces 78 Annexations and Territorial Agreements 94 5 A NEW WORLD 103 I. Introduction 105 II. Treaties 113 Mutual Defense Treaties, Military Alliances, and Nonaggression Pacts 114 Peace Treaties and Truces 119 Annexations and Territorial Agreements 137 Diplomatic Treaties 144 Proclamations and Declarations 149 6 EPOCH OF NAPOLEON 159 I. Introduction 161 II. Treaties 169 Peace Treaties and Truces 170 Multinational Conventions and Agreements 196 7 WILDERNESS DIPLOMACY AND CONTINENTAL EXPANSION 201 I. Introduction 203 II. Treaties 213 Peace Treaties and Truces 214 Annexations and Territorial Agreements 226 Proclamations and Declarations 245 8 THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR 249 I. Introduction 251 II. Treaties 261 Peace Treaties and Truces 262 Diplomatic Treaties 265 Proclamations and Declarations 270 9 THE NEW IMPERIALISM 283 I. Introduction 285 II. Treaties 293 Mutual Defense Treaties, Military Alliances, and Nonaggression Pacts 294 Peace Treaties and Truces 297 Trade Agreements and Commercial Treaties 324 Multinational Conventions and Agreements 340 Annexations and Territorial Agreements 359 Diplomatic Treaties 377 10 EPOCH OF THE GREAT WAR 383 I. Introduction 385 II. Treaties 397 Mutual Defense Treaties, Military Alliances, and Nonaggression Pacts 398 Peace Treaties and Truces 405 Multinational Conventions and Agreements 473 Annexations and Territorial Agreements 492 Declarations 495 11 PEACE IN OUR TIME, PRELUDE TO WAR 497 I. Introduction 499 II. Treaties 507 Mutual Defense Treaties, Military Alliances, and Nonaggression Pacts 508 Peace Treaties and Truces 539 Trade Agreements and Commercial Treaties 543 Multinational Conventions and Agreements 548 Weapons Treaties 558 Annexations and Territorial Agreements 564 Diplomatic Treaties 568 Proclamations and Declarations 574 12 THE WORLD AT WAR 577 I. Introduction 579 II. Treaties 589 Mutual Defense Treaties, Military Alliances, and Nonaggression Pacts 590 Peace Treaties and Truces 611 Trade Agreements and Commercial Treaties 630 Multinational Conventions and Agreements 635 Diplomatic Treaties 667 Proclamations and Declarations 669 13 COLD WAR, PEACEFUL COEXISTENCE 699 I. Introduction 701 II. Treaties 709 Mutual Defense Treaties, Military Alliances, and Nonaggression Pacts 710 Peace Treaties and Truces 742 Trade Agreements and Commercial Treaties 757 Multinational Conventions and Agreements 770 Weapons Treaties 780 Diplomatic Treaties 787 Proclamations and Declarations 790 14 A NEW WORLD ORDER 795 I. Introduction 797 II. Treaties 801 Mutual Defense Treaties, Military Alliances, and Nonaggression Pacts 802 Peace Treaties and Truces 809 Trade Agreements and Commercial Treaties 837 Multinational Conventions and Agreements 871 Weapons Treaties 957 Proclamations and Declarations 966 EPILOGUE: INTERNATIONAL THREATS, GLOBAL OPPORTUNITIES 993 I. Introduction 995 II. Treaties 999 Multinational Conventions and Agreements 1000 Weapons Treaties 1052 CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF TREATIES 1055 FURTHER REFERENCE 1061 INDEX 1073 ALPHABETICAL LIST OF TREATIES . Act of Chapultepec (March 3, 1945) 635 Axis Pact (September 27, 1940) 593 Act of Havana (July 30, 1940) 669 Baghdad Pact (February 24, 1955) 733 Adams-Onís Treaty (February 22, 1819) 233 Balfour Declaration (November 2, 1917) 495 Agreement among Germany, Italy, and Japan Belfast Agreement (Good Friday Agreement) on the Joint Prosecution of the War (April 10, 1998) 827 (December 11, 1941) 597 Boxer Protocol (September 7, 1901) 356 Agreement between Poland and the Soviet Cairo Declaration (December 1, 1943) 680 Union (July 30, 1941) 667 Camp David Accords (September 17, 1978) 809 Agreement of Mutual Assistance between Casablanca Declaration (February 12, 1943) 675 Poland and France (September 4, 1939) 537 Charter of Paris for a New Europe Agreement of Mutual Assistance between (Paris Charter) (November 21, 1990) 802 United Kingdom and Poland Charter of the Organization of African (August 25, 1939) 535 Unity (May 25, 1963) 773 Agreement on the Prevention of Nuclear War Charter of the Organization of American (June 22, 1973) 785 States (April 30, 1948) 770 Alaska Purchase Treaty (June 20, 1867) 362 Civil War and Reconstruction Amendments Algeciras Convention (April 7, 1906) 473 to the Constitution of the United States 280 Alliance for Progress (Declaration of Punta Clayton-Bulwar Treaty (April 19, 1850) 359 del Este) (August 17, 1961) 767 Congress of Vienna (June 9, 1815) 196 Allied Statements on the Occupation of Convention against Corruption (October 31, Germany (June 5, November 30, 1945) 613 2003) 1035 American Civil War Truce Documents Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, (April 7–9, 1865) 262 Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Anglo-German Naval Agreement (June 18, 1935) 562 Punishment (December 10, 1984) 877 Anglo-Transjordan Alliance (March 15, 1948) 713 Convention against Transnational Organized Anti-Comintern Pact (November 25, 1936) 526 Crime (November 15, 2000) 1006 Anti-Comintern Pact (November 6, 1937) 528 Convention on Biodiversity (June 1992) 908 ANZUS Treaty (September 1, 1951) 724 Convention on Climate Change (May 9, 1992) 899 Articles of Agreement Establishing the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions International Bank for Reconstruction on the Use of Certain Conventional and Development (December 27, 1945) 633 Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Atlantic Charter (August 14, 1941) 671 Excessively Injurious or to Have Austrian State Treaty (May 15, 1955) 748 Indiscriminate Effects (April 10, 1981) 871 vii viii ENCYCLOPEDIA OF HISTORICAL TREATIES AND ALLIANCES Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Inscription Fixing Boundaries between Lagash Stockpiling, Production, and Transfer and Umma (circa 3100 B.C.E.) 6 of Anti-Personnel Mines and on Their International Convention for the Suppression Destruction (Land Mine Ban Treaty) of the Financing of Terrorism (September 18, 1997) 919 (December 9, 1999) 1000 Convention on the Rights of the Child Irish Peace Treaty (December 6, 1921) 539 (November 20, 1989) 890 Israel–Palestine Liberation Organization Peace Covenant of the League of Nations Agreements (September 9 and 13, 1993; (June 28, 1919) 484 October 23, 1998) 814 Dayton Accords (November 21, 1995) 824 Japanese Surrender Documents Declaration of Independence (July 4, 1776) 152 (September 2, 3, and 12, 1945) 616 Delaware Indian Treaty (September 17, 1778) 122 Japan–United States Security Treaty Emancipation Proclamation (January 1, 1863) 270 (September 8, 1951) 628 Empire of Japan Treaty (Kanagawa Treaty, Jay’s Treaty with Great Britain Perry Convention) (March 31, 1854) 333 (November 19, 1794) 144 Entente Cordiale (April 8, 1904) 379 Joint Communiqué by the United States and European Free Trade Association Convention the Soviet Union (Détente) (June 25, 1973) 792 (January 4, 1960) 765 Joint Four-Nation Declaration of the Moscow First Partition of Poland (July 25, 1772; Conference (October 30, 1943) 677 September 18, 1773; March 15–18, Kellogg-Briand Pact (Pact of Paris) 1775; February 9, August 22, 1776) 94 (August 27, 1928) 555 First Peace of Paris (May 30, 1814) 189 Kingdom of Choson Treaty (May 22, 1882) 338 Four Power Pact (June 7, 1933) 572 Korean War Armistice (July 27, 1953) 742 Four Power Treaty (December 13, 1921) 568 Kyoto Protocol on Climate Change Franco-Czech Alliance (January 25, 1924) 515 (December 11, 1997) 927 Franco-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact Lend-Lease Agreement (February 23, 1942) 630 (November 19, 1932) 522 Little Entente Treaties (August 14, 1920; Gadsden Treaty (December 30, 1853) 243 April 23, June 5, June 7, 1921; June 27, General Act of the Berlin Conference 1930) 508 (February 26, 1885) 344 Locarno Treaties (October 16, 1925) 548 Geneva Agreements of 1954 (July 15, 1954) 744 Lord Russell’s Treaty (Anglo-Hawaiian Treaty) Geneva Convention of 1864 (or Red Cross (November 13, 1836) 326 Convention) (August 22, 1864) 340 Louisiana Purchase (October 20, 1803) 226 Geneva Convention on the Prevention and Maastricht Treaty (Consolidated Treaty on Punishment of the Crime of Genocide European Unity) (February 7, 1992) 851 (December 9, 1948) 651 Magna Carta (June 15, 1215) 18 Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment Mayflower Compact (November 11, 1620) 114 of Prisoners of War (August 12, 1949) 655 Monroe Doctrine (December 2, 1823) 245 “Gentlemen’s Agreement” between Austria Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete and Germany (July 11, 1936) 574 the Ozone Layer (September 16, 1987) 884 German Act of Military Surrender Munich Pact (September 29, 1938) 566 (May 8, 1945) 611 Nine Power Treaty Concerning China German-Polish Nonaggression Declaration (February 6, 1922) 564 (January 26, 1934) 524 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) German-Soviet Boundary and Friendship Treaty (December 17, 1992) 862 (September 28, 1939) 590 North Atlantic Treaty (April 4, 1949) 718 Hague Convention of 1899 (July 29, 1899) 348 Northwest Ordinance (July 13, 1787) 155 Hague Convention (1907) (October 18, 1907) 476 Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (August 5, 1963) 780 HAMAS Covenant (August 18, 1988) 966 Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Hitler-Stalin Pact (German-Soviet Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Nonaggression Treaty) (August 23, 1939) 533 Children in Armed Conflict (May 25, 2000) 954 Hot Line Memorandum (June 20, 1963) 787 Optional Protocol to the Convention against Indian Removal Act (May 28, 1830) 238 Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or INF (Intermediate-Range Nuclear Force) Treaty Degrading Treatment or Punishment (December 8, 1987) 957 (December 18, 2002) 1028 ALPHABETICAL LIST OF TREATIES ix Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Report of the Yalta (Crimea) Conference Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, (February 11, 1945) 685 Child Prostitution and Child Pornography Rio Declaration (June 14, 1992) 976 (May 25, 2000) 935 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Pact of Neutrality between the Union of Soviet Court (July 17, 1998) 940 Socialist Republics and Japan (April 13, 1941) 595 Second Partition of Poland (January 23, 1793; Pact of Rio (Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal December 23, 1794; January 23, 1795) 97 Assistance) (September 2, 1947) 710 Second Peace of Paris (November 20, 1815) 193 “Pact of Steel” (Alliance between Germany Second Treaty of Fort Stanwix (Treaty with and Italy) (May 22, 1939) 530 the Six Nations) (October 22, 1784) 129 Pact of the Arab League (March 22, 1945) 637 Secret Treaty between Germany and the Ottoman Panama Canal Treaty (1904) (Hay–Bunau-Varilla Empire (August 2, 1914) 398 Treaty) (February 26, 1904) 371 Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Panama Canal Treaty (1977) (and the U.S.- Mutual Assistance (February 14, 1950) 721 Panama Neutrality Act) (September 7, 1977) 837 Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty Paris Peace Accords (January 27, 1973) 751 (SEATO) (September 8, 1954) 728 Peace of Nijmegen (August 10, September 17, Soviet Declaration on the Sovereignty of 1678; February 3, 1679) 53 the German Democratic Republic Peace of Westphalia (October 24, 1648) 34 (March 24, 1954) 790 Peace Treaty between the Allies and Italy Soviet Denunciation of the Pact with Japan (February 10, 1947) 622 (April 5, 1945) 691 Political Agreement between France and Poland Soviet-Finnish Nonaggression Treaty (February 19, 1921) 511 (January 21, 1932) 520 Potsdam Protocol (August 2, 1945) 693 Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty (Treaty of Proclamation of 1763 (October 7, 1763) 149 Moscow) (March 10, 2003) 1052 Proclamation of Amnesty and Pardon for the Sykes-Picot Agreement (May 9, 1916) 492 Confederate States (May 29, 1865) 272 Taunton Agreement (April 10, 1671) 117 Proclamation of Provisional Government for Third Partition of Poland (October 24, 1795) 100 North Carolina (May 29, 1865) 274 Three-Power Declarations of the Tehran Proclamations Ending the Civil War Conference (December 1, 1943) 682 (April 2, August 20, 1866) 276 Trade Agreement between Great Britain and Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of Soviet Russia (March 16, 1921) 543 and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts Trade Agreements between the Soviet Union and Components and Ammunition and Germany (August 19, 1939 and (May 31, 2001) 1023 February 11, 1940) 546 Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Treaty between Charlemagne and Michael I Land, Sea and Air (November 15, 2000) 1014 Rangabe (811) 14 Protocol on Blinding Laser Weapons to the Treaty between the Hawaiian Islands and the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions United States (December 20, 1849) 328 on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Treaty between Richard the Lionhearted and Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Saladin (autumn 1192) 16 Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects Treaty between the Allied and Associated Powers (October 13, 1995) 917 and Poland on the Protection of Minorities Protocol on Explosive Remnants of War to the (June 28, 1919) 490 Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions Treaty of Addis Ababa (October 26, 1896) 318 on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Treaty of Adrianople (September 14, 1829) 297 Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (October 18, 1748) 90 Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects Treaty of Alliance between Great Britain and (November 28, 2003) 1047 the Soviet Union (May 26, 1942) 599 Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Treaty of Amiens (March 27, 1802) 175 Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women Treaty of Annexation of Hawaii (June 16, 1897) 365 and Children (November 15, 2000) 1019 Treaty of Berlin (July 13, 1878) 342 Reconstruction Amendments to the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (March 3, 1918) 419 Constitution of the United States Treaty of Brétigny (May 8, 1360) 24 (December 1865, July 1868, March 1870) 280 Treaty of Brundisium (40 B.C.E.) 7