ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS Volume I EDITED BY Mary Hawkesworth and Maurice Kogan London and New York First published in 1992 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge a division of Routledge, Chapman and Hall, Inc. 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2002. Selection and editorial matter © 1992 Mary Hawkesworth and Maurice Kogan The chapters © 1992 Routledge All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Encyclopedia of government and politics. 1. Political science I. Hawkesworth, Mary 1952– II. Kogan, Maurice 1930– 320 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Encyclopedia of government and politics/edited by Mary Hawkesworth and Maurice Kogan. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-415-03092-7 (set) 1. Political science—Encyclopedias. I. Hawkesworth, M.E., 1952–. II. Kogan, Maurice. JA61.C66 1992 320'.03–dc20 91–30399 CIP ISBN 0-203-40464-5 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-71288-9 (Adobe eReader Format) ISBN 0-415-07224-7 (Volume 1) ISBN 0-415-07225-5 (Volume 2) ISBN 0-415-03092-7 (set) In memory of Victor A.Olorunsola, Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences, University of Louisville, Kentucky. PUBLISHING STAFF EDITORIAL Jonathan Price, Shan Millie SUBEDITORIAL Emma Waghorn, Kerry Munro, Alex Clark INDEX Peter Rea PRODUCTION Nigel Marsh PROMOTION Judith Watts, Jane Gardner CONTENTS Notes on Contributors xv Preface xxix VOLUME 1 Part I Introduction 1 The science of politics and the politics of science 5 Mary Hawkesworth Part II Political theory: central concepts 2 Conceptions of the state 43 Andrew Vincent 3 Conceptions of power 56 Jeffrey Isaac 4 Conceptions of law 70 Geoffrey Marshall 5 Conceptions of justice 80 Kai Nielsen 6 Conceptions of human nature 103 Leslie Stevenson 7 Conceptions of legitimacy 116 Mattei Dogan Part III Contemporary ideologies 8 Liberalism 129 R.Bruce Douglass vii CONTENTS 9 Conservatism 139 Kenneth R.Hoover 10 Marxism 155 Tom Bottomore 11 Fascism 167 Stanley Payne 12 Fundamentalism 179 Adele Ferdows and Paul Weber Part IV Contemporary political systems 13 Liberal democracies 195 G.Bingham Powell 14 Communist and post-communist systems 215 Leslie Holmes 15 Contemporary authoritarian regimes 229 James Malloy 16 Military dictatorships 247 Talukder Maniruzzaman Part V Political institutions 17 Executives 267 Jean Blondel 18 Legislatures 279 G.R.Boynton 19 Courts 293 John Schmidhauser 20 Bureaucracies 304 Ferrel Heady 21 Intergovernmental relations: unitary systems 316 R.A.W.Rhodes 22 Intergovernmental relations: federal systems 336 Grant Harman viii CONTENTS Part VI Political forces and political processes 23 Personality and politics 355 Fred I.Greenstein 24 Interest groups 377 Harmon Zeigler 25 Political parties 393 Joseph LaPalombara and Jeffrey Anderson 26 Campaigns and elections 413 David Denver 27 Political participation and voting behaviour 428 W.L.Miller 28 Political socialization 443 Stanley Renshon 29 Political communication 471 Denis McQuail 30 Recruitment of elites 486 John Nagle Part VII Centripetal and centrifugal forces in the nation-state 31 Political cultures 507 Michael Thompson, Richard Ellis and Aaron Wildavsky 32 Religion and politics 521 Robin Lovin 33 Race and politics 534 Shamit Saggar 34 Class and politics 555 Barry Hindess 35 Ethnicity and politics 568 T.David Mason 36 Language and politics 587 J.A.Laponce 37 Gender and politics 603 Joni Lovenduski ix