Encyclopedia of Evangelicalism Balmer.fm 1 10/1/04, 10:26 AM Also by Randall Balmer Religion in American Life: A Short History (with Jon Butler and Grant Wacker) Growing Pains: Learning to Love My Father’s Faith Religion in Twentieth Century America Blessed Assurance: A History of Evangelicalism in America Grant Us Courage: Travels Along the Mainline of American Protestantism The Presbyterians (with John R. Fitzmier) Mine Eyes Have Seen the Glory: A Journey into the Evangelical Subculture in America A Perfect Babel of Confusion: Dutch Religion and English Culture in the Middle Colonies Balmer.fm 2 10/1/04, 10:26 AM Encyclopedia of Evangelicalism Randall Balmer Revised and Expanded Edition Baylor University Press Waco, TX USA Balmer.fm 3 10/1/04, 10:26 AM © 2004 by Baylor University Press All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission in writing of Baylor University Press. Book Design by Diane Smith Cover Design by Jennifer Cox, used with permission by Westminster John Knox Press Cover Photo: Billy Graham With Arms Raised. © Bettmann/CORBIS This is a revised and expanded edition of Encyclopedia of Evangelicalism, first published by Westminster John Knox in 2002. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Balmer, Randall Herbert. Encyclopedia of evangelicalism / Randall Balmer.— Rev. and expanded ed. p. cm. ISBN 1-932792-04-X (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Evangelicalism—Encyclopedias. 2. Evangelicalism—United States— Encyclopedias. I. Title. BR1640.B35 2004 270.8’2’03—dc22 2004010023 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper Balmer.fm 4 10/1/04, 10:26 AM This book is dedicated to the folks associated with the Institute for the Study of American Evangelicals mentors, colleagues, and friends and especially to the memory of G. A. Rawlyk (1935–1995) Balmer.fm 5 10/1/04, 10:26 AM Preface For more than a decade, in addition to other scholarly projects, I have been engaged in this quixotic venture of writing an encyclopedia of evangelicalism, one that would provide a sense of both the history and the extraordinary breadth of this popular movement. The task, though maddening at times, has also pro- vided moments of insight and fascination as one topic led to another and still another, like tributaries leading off the beaten path into the brambles. While I have made every effort to be fair and accurate, I make no pretense of being definitive—that is, because this work emanates from the pen of one man, it inevitably bears some of his biases and interpretations. Some of those biases will be apparent in what has been included here. For the purposes of this project I have defined evangelicalism rather broadly, even though I know that many of the people and the organizations treated here prefer a more restrictive interpreta- tion. My latitudinarian approach has yielded, I believe, a far more complex and textured portrait of evangelicalism in all of its diversity. I recognize that this encyclopedia, with its entries on individuals, organiza- tions, denominations, theological terms, events, and movements, will be used primarily as a reference work. While I have no objection to that, I think this volume also offers a glimpse into evangelical mores and folkways; entries like “Fellowship,” “Just,” “Testimony,” “Watchnight Service,” “Sword Drill,” and “Gnomic Hebrew Moniker” (to name just a few) provide a sense of evangelicalism as a “lived” tradition, which is appropriate for a movement that, in the United States at least, is the culture’s dominant folk religion. The purview for this book, however, extends beyond the boundaries of the United States. I have sought to include relevant entries from Canada, Latin America, Great Britain, and elsewhere, although I readily acknowledge that the volume is weighted heavily toward North America. Evangelicalism itself, I be- lieve, is a quintessentially North American phenomenon, deriving as it did from the confluence of Pietism, Presbyterianism, and the vestiges of Puritanism. Evan- gelicalism picked up peculiar characteristics from each strain—warm-hearted spirituality from the Pietists, for instance, doctrinal precisionism from the Pres- byterians, and individualistic introspection from the Puritans—even as the North vii Balmer.fm 7 10/1/04, 10:26 AM viii Preface American context itself has profoundly shaped the various manifestations of evangelicalism: fundamentalism, neoevangelicalism, the holiness movement, pentecostalism, the charismatic movement, and various forms of African- American and Hispanic evangelicalism. Although I bear ultimate responsibility for this work, my task was made easier by the assistance of several people. Holly Folk drafted most of the entries on evangelical colleges and Bible institutes and several of the pieces on contemporary Christian music groups. Tommy L. Faris drafted entries on various evangelical denominations, David DiSabatino did the same for the events and personalities surrounding the Jesus movement, and Philemon Sevastiades supplied text for many of the entries on theology. Michael L. Peterson provided information on the Society of Christian Philosophers and several related entries. Jesse T. Todd and J. Shawn Landres each supplied the first draft of an article. I am grateful for their contributions. I appreciate also the suggestions and corrections offered by critics and reviewers of the first edition; I have tried to accommodate their comments and to make the appropriate changes, though I emphasize again that I bear final responsibility for this volume. Donald Dayton looked over my initial list of entries and offered useful suggestions, and a gift from Lee and Deb Wilson financed some of the student assistance from which I benefited. Carey Newman, Diane Smith, and their colleagues at Baylor University Press expertly shepherded this revised edition to publication. A final note. The “References” section at the conclusion of many of the entries is suggestive rather than exhaustive. I make no pretense of having included a reference to everything a person has published or to all of the relevant literature on the topic. R.B. June 17, 2004 Ridgefield, Connecticut Balmer.fm 8 10/1/04, 10:26 AM