Encyclopedia of DINOSAURS Encyclopedia of DINOSAURS EDITED BY Philip J. Currie Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology Drumheller, Alberta, Canada Kevin Padian Museum of Paleontology University of California, Berkeley ACADEMIC PRESS San Diego London Boston New York Sydney Tokyo Toronto Acaedemic Press is an imprint of Elsevier, Inc. 84 Theobald’s Road, London WC1X 8RR, UK Radarweg 29, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP, UK 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, CA 92101-4495, USA Copyright © 1997 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone (+44) (0) 1865 843830; fax (+44) (0) 1865 853333; email: [email protected]. Alternatively you can submit your request online by visiting the Elsevier web site at http://elsevier.com/locate/permissions, and selecting Obtaining permission to use Elsevier material Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs by Philip Currie ISBN 978-0-12-116810-6 iv CONTENTS ThematicTableofContents xv Arctometatarsalia 24 Contributors xix JohnR.HutchinsonandKevinPadian AGuidetoUsingtheEncyclopedia xxiii Australasian Dinosaurs 27 Foreword xxv RalphE.Molnar Preface xxvii Aves 32 Dedication xxix LuisM.Chiappe Avetheropoda 39 TheEditors A Avialae 39 KevinPadian Abelisauridae 1 FernandoE.Novas African Dinosaurs 2 LouisL.Jacobs B Age Determination 4 GregoryM.Erickson Barun Goyot Formation 41 Albany Museum 6 HalszkaOsmo´lska AnusuyaChinsamy Bastu´s Nesting Site 42 Allosauroidea 6 Jose´ L.SanzandJose´ J.Moratalla KevinPadianandJohnR.Hutchinson Bavarian State Collection for American Dinosaurs 10 Paleontology and Historical Geology 43 PeterDodson TheEditors AmericanMuseumofNaturalHistory 14 Bayan Mandahu 43 LowellDingus PhilipJ.Currie Ankylosauria 16 Bayn Dzak 43 KennethCarpenter HalszkaOsmo´lska Archosauria 20 Behavior 45 J.MichaelParrish JohnR.Horner v vi Contents Bernard Price Institute for Carnosauria 94 Palaeontological Research 50 JohnR.HutchinsonandKevinPadian AnusuyaChinsamy Cedar Mountain Formation 98 Biogeography 51 JamesI.Kirkland JeanLeLoeuff Central Asiatic Expeditions 100 Biomechanics 57 MarkA.Norell R.McNeillAlexander Cerapoda 105 Biometrics 59 TheEditors RalphE.ChapmanandDavidB.Weishampel Ceratopsia 106 Biomineralization 62 PeterDodson CliveTrueman Ceratosauria 106 Biostratigraphy 65 TimothyRowe,RonTykoski,andJohnHutchinson SpencerG.Lucas Chemical Composition of Dinosaur Fossils 111 Bipedality 68 Herve´ Bocherens KevinPadian Chinese Dinosaurs 118 Bird Origins 71 DongZhiming KevinPadianandLuisM.Chiappe Chinle Formation 125 Bone Cabin Quarry 80 J.MichaelParrish BrentH.Breithaupt Cleveland–Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry 126 Braincase Anatomy 81 JoshuaB.Smith PhilipJ.Currie Cloverly Formation 128 Bullatosauria 86 W.DesmondMaxwell KevinPadianandJohnR.Hutchinson Coelurosauria 129 JohnR.HutchinsonandKevinPadian C Color 134 MichaelJ.RyanandAnthonyP.Russell Cabo Espichel 87 Como Bluff 135 MartinLockley BrentH.Breithaupt Cameros Basin Megatracksite 87 Computers and Related Technology 137 Jose´ J.MoratallaandJose´ L.Sanz RalphE.ChapmanandDavidB.Weishampel Canadian Dinosaurs 90 Connecticut River Valley 143 CliveCoy JoannaWright Can˜on City 91 Constructional Morphology 147 KennethCarpenter DavidB.Weishampel Carenque 92 Coprolites 147 MartinLockley KarenChin Carnegie Museum of Natural History 92 Craniofacial Air Sinus Systems 151 JohnS.McIntosh LawrenceM.Witmer Contents vii Cretaceous Period 159 Distribution and Diversity 186 EvaB.Koppelhus PeterDodson Crocodylia 160 Djadokhta Formation 188 JamesM.Clark TomJerzykiewicz Crystal Palace 161 Dockum Group 191 WilliamA.S.Sarjeant PhilipA.MurryandRobertA.Long Dromaeosauridae 194 PhilipJ.Currie D Dry Mesa Quarry 196 BrooksB.BrittandBrianD.Curtice Dalton Wells Quarry 165 Dryosauridae 197 BrooksB.BrittandKennethL.Stadtman MichaelJ.Ryan Deccan Basalt 166 AshokSahni Deinonychosauria 166 E TheEditors Denver Museum of Natural History 167 Edmonton Group 199 KennethCarpenter DavidA.Eberth Devil’s Coulee Dinosaur Egg Site 168 Egg Mountain 205 CliveCoy JohnR.Horner Diet 169 Eggs, Eggshells, and Nests 205 MichaelJ.RyanandMatthewK.Vickaryous KonstantinE.Mikhailov Dinosauria: Definition 175 Elmisauridae 209 KevinPadian PhilipJ.Currie Dinosaur National Monument 179 Enantiornithes 210 DanielJ.Chure TheEditors Dinosauromorpha 179 Erenhot Dinosaur Museum 210 AndreaB.Arcucci PhilipJ.Currie Dinosaur Provincial Park 184 Euornithopoda 211 CliveCoy TheEditors Dinosaur Ridge 184 European Dinosaurs 212 MartinLockley EricBuffetaut Dinosaur Society 185 Evolution 217 DonLessem J.DavidArchibald Dinosaur Valley 185 Extinction, Cretaceous 221 MartinLockley J.DavidArchibald Dinoturbation 186 Extinction, Triassic 230 MartinLockley MichaelJ.Benton viii Contents F Graduate Studies 280 PhilipJ.Currie Fabrosauridae 237 Growth and Embryology 282 PengGuangzhao DavidJ.Varricchio Fatima 240 Growth Lines 288 MartinLockley KevinPadian Feathered Dinosaurs 241 PhilipJ.Currie Footprints and Trackways 242 MartinLockley H Forelimbs and Hands 245 PerChristiansen Hadrosauridae 293 Fruita Paleontological Area 254 CatherineA.Forster JamesI.Kirkland Hell Creek Flora 300 Fruitland Formation 256 KirkR.Johnson MichaelJ.Ryan Hell Creek Formation 302 Functional Morphology 258 DonaldF.Lofgren Xiao-ChunWuandAnthonyP.Russell Herrerasauridae 303 FernandoE.Novas Heterochrony 311 JohnA.LongandKennethJ.McNamara G Heterodontosauridae 317 JoshuaB.Smith Gastralia 269 Hindlimbs and Feet 320 LeonClaessens PerChristiansen Gastroliths 270 Histology of Bones and Teeth 329 PhilipJ.Currie RobinE.H.Reid Genasauria 271 History of Dinosaur Discoveries: TheEditors Early Discoveries 340 Genetics 271 WilliamA.S.Sarjeant J.MichaelParrish History of Dinosaur Discoveries: Geologic Time 273 First Golden Period 347 CarlC.Swisher BrentH.Breithaupt Ghost Ranch 277 History of Dinosaur Discoveries: CliveCoy Quiet Times 350 Glen Canyon Group 277 EricBuffetaut KevinPadian History of Dinosaur Discoveries: Glen Rose, Texas 280 Research Today 352 DaleA.Winkler LouiePsihoyos Contents ix K Howe Quarry 355 BrentH.Breithaupt Hypsilophodontidae 356 Keuper Formation 389 Hans-DieterSues HartmutHaubold Khodja-Pil-Ata 390 MartinLockley Kirtland Formation 390 MichaelJ.Ryan I Iguanodontidae 359 CatherineA.Forster L Indian Dinosaurs 361 AshokSahni Lameta Formation 393 Institute de Pale´ontologie, Muse´um AshokSahni National d’Histoire Naturelle, Lance Formation 394 Paris, France 368 BrentH.Breithaupt TheEditors Land-Mammal Ages 395 Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology SpencerG.Lucas and Paleoanthropology, Beijing, China 369 Las Hoyas 398 DongZhiming BernardinoP.Pe´rez-MorenoandJose´ L.Sanz Intelligence 370 Legislation Protecting Dinosaur Fossils 403 DaleA.Russell VincentL.Santucci Ischigualasto Formation 372 Life History 405 RaymondR.Rogers DavidB.Weishampel Lommiswil 406 MartinLockley Long Necks of Sauropods 406 J EberhardFreyandJohnMartin Lufeng 409 Japanese Dinosaurs 375 DongZhiming YoichiAzumaandYukimitsuTomida Judith River Wedge 379 DavidA.Eberth Jurassic Park 385 M MarySchweitzerandDonLessem Jurassic Period 387 Maniraptora 411 PeterDodson KevinPadian