The encyclopedia of diabeTes second edition The encyclopedia of diabeTes second edition William a. petit, Jr., M.d., f.a.c.p., f.a.c.e. christine adamec The Encyclopedia of Diabetes, Second Edition Copyright © 2011, 2002 by William A. Petit, Jr., M.D., F.A.C.P., F.A.C.E. and Christine Adamec All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information contact: Facts On File, Inc. An imprint of Infobase Learning 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Petit, William A. The encyclopedia of diabetes / William A. Petit, Jr., Christine Adamec.—2nd ed. p. cm.—(Library of health and living) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-8160-7948-3 (hardcover : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-8160-7948-X (hardcover : alk. paper) ISBN: 978-1-4381-3622-6 (e-book) 1. Diabetes—Encyclopedias. I. Adamec, Christine A., 1949– II. Title. RC660.P424 2011 616.4'62003—dc22 2010025174 Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions. Please call our Special Sales Department in New York at (212) 967-8800 or (800) 322-8755. You can fnd Facts On File on the World Wide Web at http://www.infobaselearning.com Text design by Cathy Rincon Composition by Hermitage Publishing Services Cover printed by Sheridan Books, Ann Arbor, Mich. Book printed and bound by Sheridan Books, Ann Arbor, Mich. Date printed: May 2011 Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 This book is printed on acid-free paper. conTenTs foreword vii acknowledgments ix introduction: a history of diabetes xi entries a to Z 1 appendix i: important organizations 344 appendix ii: diabetes periodicals 350 appendix iii: diabetes Research and Training centers (dRTcs) 351 appendix iV: diabetes endocrinology Research centers (deRcs) 352 appendix V: diabetes control programs in U.s. states and Territories 353 appendix Vi: World health organization Worldwide collaborating centers for diabetes 361 appendix Vii: Web sites That include diabetes information 366 appendix Viii: Worldwide percentage of incident patients with end-stage Renal disease (esRd) due to diabetes, 2003–2007 367 appendix iX: important but often overlooked Key issues in diabetes 369 appendix X: body Mass index charts and curves for children and young adults under age 20 370 appendix Xi: Joslin diabetes center clinics and affliates 389 bibliography 392 index 400 foReWoRd iabetes may well be the Black Plague of the that are recommended by their physicians and D21st century, in terms of both its pervasive- discussed in this book, they will live longer, hap- ness and pain. This plague upon us involves pier, and healthier lives. This has been clearly insulin resistance and Type 2 diabetes melli- proven by studies such as the Diabetes Control tus and is a growing threat to people all over and Complications Trial (DCCT) and the United the globe. In the United States, 23.6 million Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS), children and adults, which is 8 percent of the and it is my mission to convey this information population, have diabetes. Although diabetes to as many people as possible. can be treated very effectively today and many Fortunately, recent years have seen a renais- complications can be prevented or slowed sance of the means to treat diabetes effectively, down, it is also a very insidious disease that ranging from home blood glucose monitors to people often suffer from for a long, long time. disposable syringes, effective new medications, While they struggle with their diabetes, the dis- and the increasingly used and very effective ease costs them time, money, pain, aggravation insulin pump. There are many medications and, sometimes, the price is also major sorrow available to help individuals with diabetes deal and death. with their disease. Ignorance of the disease and how to manage In this new edition of The Encyclopedia of it has caused too many thousands of people to Diabetes, my coauthor and I have completely lose their limbs as well as their eyesight. Yet, in revised many entries, such as the entries on most cases, this loss of sight and these amputa- children with diabetes, cardiovascular disease, tions, as well as the other complications of dia- and obesity, to name only a few. In addition, we betes, can be avoided by regular self-care and have added important new topic overviews that medical management. provide information on insulin, medications for Diabetes may well be the paradigm for all Type 2 diabetes, the issue of depression, and chronic diseases. It is a metabolic syndrome that lifestyle adaptations to diabetes and also the affects every organ system in the body. Diabetes topics of pregnancy and diabetes, carbohydrates is also innately involved with the blood vessels and nutrition, diabetic eye diseases, alternative and the heart. In fact, heart and blood vessel medicine, and many other subjects that we disease causes 80 percent of the deaths among hope will intrigue and enlighten our readers. A patients with diabetes. great deal of important research on diabetes has Yet if people with diabetes adhere to their been performed, and it is available in medical medication plan and make the lifestyle changes journals and sometimes is found in very obscure vii viii The Encyclopedia of Diabetes clinical publications. We have scoured these Diabetes also requires advocacy. People with documents to identify the most useful items for diabetes are often too quiet, perhaps afraid to readers with diabetes or who care about some- offend or upset anyone; as a result, diabetes one who has diabetes. does not obtain nearly the level of federal fund- My goal as an endocrinologist and a physi- ing that it deserves based on the destructive toll cian is to educate people about diabetes. For it takes upon our society. If you have diabetes, those who do not have diabetes, I want to pro- it is nothing to be ashamed of and you are one vide knowledge so that they can do everything among many with diabetes. in their power to try to prevent the develop- The Encyclopedia of Diabetes is not meant to be ment of the disease and to help others who are read cover to cover, although, as I recall from living with diabetes. For example, obesity is a medical school, there are some readers who are major cause of Type 2 diabetes and about 25 wired in a compulsive manner and will read percent of the population in the United States through it, from A to Z. We welcome those who is obese, as of this writing in 2010. As a result, dip in for data on a specifc topic as well as those many of these individuals, often unknowingly, who seek to extract every gem of information are at high risk for the development of diabetes. that we have included. Weight loss, however, will plummet that risk, Maybe you have had diabetes for 20 years and even a modest weight loss signifcantly or perhaps you were diagnosed today. You may decreases the risk for diabetes. have a family member or friend with diabetes, Education for those who already do have and you are trying to educate yourself. We hope diabetes consists of teaching them that they that this book will give you a good place to start need to keep their blood glucose levels as close in your quest for information about diabetes. We to normal as is safely possible, and this message have tried to cover enough information to be has been brought home again and again in so useful as a frst source and reference and a good many studies. I urge those of you with diabetes overview of diabetes. In some areas, we cover a not to smoke and encourage you to exercise lot of what you need to know. In other areas, we regularly and keep your cholesterol and blood can only scratch the surface, but we frequently pressure levels as low as possible to avoid devel- provide leads to other written and computer oping diabetic complications. If people with dia- based resources. betes follow this plan and avoid the irreversible Keep learning and keep asking questions. Go complications, then when we fnally do have a back and take a class again, and call your local cure, these patients can partake of this cure and diabetes educators for a review of your health enjoy wellness! status. Call, fax, and e-mail your member of Diabetes requires a lot of continuing educa- Congress whenever the issue of diabetes fund- tion. This cannot be done by one person and ing is in front of them—as well as when other necessarily involves a team centered around issues affecting diabetes come up, such as drug patients and their families, a team that includes laws, Medicare, insurance regulations, disability physicians, nurses, dietitians, and many other laws, and stem cell research. Join your local folks. The education is also ongoing. You can- American Diabetes Association and help us not learn it “all” and then “graduate.” As physi- move forward to improve your life and the lives cians learn more about diabetes, the treatment of all those affected by diabetes! paradigms and therapeutic focus change and —William A. Petit, Jr., M.D. Fellow of the evolve, and we share this knowledge with our American College of Physicians, Fellow of the patients. American College of Endocrinology acKnoWledgMenTs any people have assisted us with their Dr. Don Higgins, Dr. Robert Malkin, Dr. Joseph M advice, recommending research or even Dell’Orfano, and my mother and father and also readings and additions to entries. Special and thank the community for their support. In addi- grateful thanks to our editor, James Chambers, tion, special thanks to Jo Ann Ahern, A.P.R.N., for his excellent editing of our manuscript. M.S.N., C.D.E.; Kathleen M. Ahern, Insulin William Petit, Jr., would like to acknowl- Pump Consultant; and Patricia O’Connell, R.D., edge the examples and ideals of Jennifer, Hay- M.S., C.D.E. ley, and Michaela, Dr. Funmi Onobrakpeya, Christine Adamec would especially like to Karen M cAvoy, R.N., C.D.E., Pat O’Connell, thank her husband, John Adamec, for his R.D., C.D.E., Dr. Neal Zimmerman, Dr. Marc patience and support during this project. Kawalick, Dr. Ann Rasmusson, Dr. Steven Hanks, ix