ENCYCLOPEDIA OF COMMUNICATION THEORY Editorial Board General Editors Stephen W. Littlejohn Karen A. Foss University of New Mexico University of New Mexico Editorial Board Brenda J. Allen Charlotte Kroløkke University of Colorado Denver University of Southern Denmark J. Kevin Barge Mark P. Orbe Texas A&M University Western Michigan University Roger de la Garde James Taylor Laval University University of Montreal Lisa A. Flores Ingrid Volkmer University of Colorado Boulder University of Melbourne Vijai N. Giri Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur ENCYCLOPEDIA OF COMMUNICATION THEORY Stephen W. Littlejohn Karen A. Foss University of New Mexico EDITORS Copyright © 2009 by SAGE Publications, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information: SAGE Publications, Inc. 2455 Teller Road Thousand Oaks, California 91320 E-mail: Contents List of Entries vii Reader’s Guide xiii Theorists xxiii About the Editors and Editorial Board xliii Contributors xlvii Introduction li Chronology lv Entries A 1 M 607 B 75 N 673 C 87 O 695 D 291 P 727 E 327 Q 817 F 371 R 823 G 421 S 867 H 463 T 955 I 487 U 973 J 573 V 981 K 581 W 1007 L 585 Y 1013 Selected Bibliography of Major Works by Topic 1015 Index 1055 List of Entries Accommodation Theory Behaviorism. See Communication Skills Theories; Accounts and Account Giving Humanistic Perspective; Learning and Action Assembly Theory Communication Action-Implicative Discourse Analysis Biological Approaches. See Communibiology Activation Theory of Information Exposure Black Feminist Epistemology Activity Theory Bona Fide Group Theory Actor–Network Theory Broadcasting Theories Advertising Theories Buddhist Communication Theory Affect-Dependent Theory of Stimulus Arrangements Campaign Communication Theories Afrocentricity Chicana Feminism Agency Chinese Harmony Theory Agenda-Setting Theory Chronemics Aggressiveness. See Argumentativeness, Citizenship Assertiveness, and Verbal Aggressiveness Classical Rhetorical Theory Theory Co-Cultural Theory Americanization of Media Cognitive Dissonance Theory Anxiety/Uncertainty Management Theory Cognitive Rules Model. See Cognitive Theories Archeology and Genealogy Cognitive Theories Argumentation Theories Collective Information Sampling Argumentativeness, Assertiveness, and Verbal Communibiology Aggressiveness Theory Communication Accommodation Theory. See Asian Communication Theory Accommodation Theory Attachment Theory Communication Across the Life Span Attitude Accessibility Theory. See Cognitive Communication and Language Acquisition and Theories Development Attitude Theory Communication Apprehension. See Social and Attribution Theory Communicative Anxiety Audience Theories Communication Goal Theories Autoethnography Communication in Later Life Autopoiesis. See Cybernetics Communication Skills Theories Axiology Communication Theory of Identity Communicative Action Theory Balance Theory. See Attitude Theory; Community Co-Orientation Theory; Persuasion and Community of Practice Social Influence Theories Competence Theories Bargaining. See Conflict Communication Complexity and Communication Theories; Negotiation Theory Compliance Gaining Strategies vii viii List of Entries Complicity Theory Daoism. See Taoist Communication Theory Comprehensive Model of Information Seeking. Deception Detection See Uncertainty Management Theories Deconstruction Computer-Mediated Communication Definitions of Communication Conflict Communication Theories Deliberative Democratic Theories Confucian Communication Theory Dependency Theories. See Asian Communication Consequentiality of Communication Theory; Digital Divide; Flow and Contra- Consistency Theories. See Attitude Theory; Flow; Free Flow Doctrine; Informatization; Cognitive Dissonance Theory; International Communication Theories; Co-Orientation Theory; Persuasion and International Development Theories; New Social Influence Theories World Information and Communication Constitutive View of Communication Order (NWICO); Uses, Gratifications, and Construction-Integration Model. See Cognitive Dependency Theories Dialogue Theories Constructivism Diaspora Contextual Theory of Interethnic Diffusion of Innovations Communication Digital Cultures Convergence Theory Digital Divide Conversational Constraints Theory Diplomacy. See Media Diplomacy Conversation Analysis Discourse Theory and Analysis Coordinated Management of Meaning Documentary Film Theories Co-Orientation Theory Dramatism and Dramatistic Pentad Corporate Campaign Theories Dual-Level Connectionist Models of Group Corporate Colonization Theory Cognition and Social Influence Correspondence Theory. See Language and Dyadic Power Theory Communication; Meaning Theories; Dynamic Memory Model. See Cognitive Theories Metatheory Creativity in Groups Effective Intercultural Workgroup Critical Communication Pedagogy Communication Theory Critical Constructivism Elaborated and Restricted Codes Critical Cultural Studies. See Cultural Studies Elaboration Likelihood Theory Critical Discourse Analysis Emotion and Communication Critical Ethnography Empathy Critical Organizational Communication Empiricism Critical Race Theory Entertainment–Education Critical Rhetoric Environmental Communication Theories Critical Theory Epistemology Cross-Cultural Adaptation Theory Ethics Theories Cross-Cultural Communication Ethnography of Communication Cross-Cultural Decision Making Ethnomethodology Cultivation Theory Evaluating Communication Theory Cultural Contracts Theory Existentialism Cultural Identity Theory Expectancy Violations Theory Cultural Indicators Extended Parallel Process Model. See Campaign Cultural Performance Theory Communication Theories; Persuasion and Cultural Studies Social Influence Theories Cultural Theories of Health Communication Cultural Types Theories Face Negotiation Theory Culture and Communication Facework Theories Culture Industries. See Cultural Studies; Family and Marital Schemas and Types Postmodern Theory Family Communication Theories Cybernetics Fans, Fandom, and Fan Studies List of Entries ix Feedback. See Cybernetics Impression Formation Feminist Communication Theories Impression Management Feminist Rhetorical Criticism Indian Rasa Theory Feminist Standpoint Theory Information Processing. See Cognitive Theories Field Theory of Conflict Information Theory Film Theories Informatization Flow and Contra-Flow Inoculation Theory Framing Theory Inquiry Processes Frankfurt School Institutional Theories of Organizational Free Flow Doctrine Communication French Feminism Integrated Threat Theory. See Conflict Functional Group Communication Theory Communication Theories Interaction Adaptation Theory Game Theory. See Conflict Communication Interaction Involvement Theories; Negotiation Theory Interaction Process Analysis Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Intercultural Communication Competence Theories Intercultural Communication Theories Gender and Biology International Communication Theories Gender and Media International Development Theories Genderlect Theory Interpersonal Communication Theories Gender Role Theory Interpersonal Deception Theory Gender Schema Theory Interpersonal Power. See Power, Interpersonal General Semantics Interpretive Communities Theory Genre Theory Interpretive Theory Globalization Theories Interracial Communication Grounded Theory Intersectionality Group and Organizational Structuration Theory Intrapersonal Communication Theories Group Communication Theories Invitational Rhetoric Groupthink Issues Life-Cycle Theory. See Corporate Campaign Theories Haptics. See Nonverbal Communication Theories Hawaiian Ho‘oponopono Theory Japanese Kuuki Theory Health Communication Theories Journalism and Theories of the Press Hermeneutics Heuristic-Systematic Model Kinesics Hierarchy of Effects Models. See Advertising Knowledge Gap Theory. See Public Opinion Theories Theories Hindu Communication Theory Humanistic Perspective Language Acquisition and Development. See Humorous Communication Theory Communication and Language Acquisition Hybridity and Development Language and Communication I and Thou Latino Perspectives Identification Leadership Theories Identity Management Theory. See Identity Learning and Communication Theories Legal Communication Theories Identity Negotiation Theory. See Identity Legitimation Gap Theory. See Corporate Theories Campaign Theories Identity Theories Linguistic Relativity Ideological Rhetoric Ideology Marxist Theory Immediacy Materiality of Discourse