Emotions in Politics The Affect Dimension in Political Tension Edited by Nicolas Demertzis Palgrave Studies in Political Psychology series The Palgrave Studies in Political Psychology book series profiles a range of innova- tive contributions that investigate the leading political issues and perspectives of our time. The academic field of political psychology has been developing for almost fifty years and is now a well-established subfield of enquiry in the North American academy. In the context of new global forces of political chal- lenge and change as well as rapidly evolving political practices and political identities, Palgrave Studies in Political Psychology builds upon the North Ameri- can foundations through profiling studies from Europe and the broader global context. From a theoretical perspective, the series incorporates constructionist, historical, (post)structuralist, and postcolonial analyses. Methodologically, the series is open to a range of approaches to political psychology. Psychoanalytic approaches, critical social psychology, critical discourse analysis, Social Identity Theory, rhetorical analysis, social representations, and a range of quantitative and qualitative methodologies exemplify the range of approaches to the empiri- cal world welcomed in the series. The series integrates approaches to political psychology that address matters of urgency and concern from a global perspec- tive, including theories and perspectives on world politics and a range of interna- tional issues: the rise of social protest movements for democratic change, notably in the Global South and the Middle East; the Israeli–Palestinian conflict and its broader implications; patterns of global migration and associated challenges of integration and religious accommodation; the formation and deformation of political, economic, and strategic transnational entities such as the European Union; conflicts and violence resulting from local and regional nationalisms; emerging political movements of the new left and the new right; ethnic violence; legacies of war and colonization; and class conflict. Series editors Tereza Capelos is Senior Lecturer at the University of Surrey, UK, vice-president of the International Society of Political Psychology, co-chair of the ECPR Political Psychology Standing Group, and Director of the International Society of Political Psychology Summer Academy (ISPP-SA). Henk Dekker is Professor of Political Socialization and Integration at the Graduate School of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Associate Professor of Political Science at the Institute of Political Science, and Vice-Dean of the Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences of Leiden University. He is a recipient of the Nevitt Sanford Award from the International Society of Political Psychology. Catarina Kinnvall is Professor at the Department of Political Science, Lund University, Sweden and former Vice-President of the International Society of Political Psychology (ISPP). Paul Nesbitt-Larking is Professor of Political Science at Huron University College, Canada and Visiting Professor, School of Health and Human Sciences, University of Huddersfield, UK. He is currently President-elect of the International Society of Political Psychology. Titles include: Nicolas Demertzis (editor) EMOTIONS IN POLITICS The Affect Dimension in Political Tension Lisa Strombom ISRAELI IDENTITY, THICK RECOGNITION AND CONFLICT TRANSFORMATION Palgrave Studies in Political Psychology series Series Standing Order ISBN 978–1–137–03466–3 (hardback) and 978–1–137–03467–0 (paperback) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address, the title of the series and the ISBNs quoted above. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England Emotions in Politics The Affect Dimension in Political Tension Edited by Nicolas Demertzis Professor, Faculty of Communication and Media Studies National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece Selection, introduction, conclusion and editorial matter © Nicolas Demertzis 2013 All remaining chapters © Their respective authors 2013 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2013 978-1-137-02565-4 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2013 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-43900-3 ISBN 978-1-137-02566-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781137025661 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. Typeset by MPS Limited, Chennai, India. Contents List of Figures and Tables vii Acknowledgements viii Notes on Contributors ix 1 Introduction: Theorizing the Emotions–Politics Nexus 1 Nicolas Demertzis 2 The Theory of Affective Intelligence and Liberal Politics 17 George E. Marcus 3 Understanding Anxiety and Aversion: The Origins and Consequences of Affectivity in Political Campaigns 39 Tereza Capelos 4 Inside Stories: Oscar Wilde, Jean Améry, Nelson Mandela and Aung San Suu Kyi 60 Dennis Smith 5 Repression of Emotion: A Danger to Modern Societies? 84 Thomas Scheff 6 Feeling the Greek Financial Crisis 93 Bettina Davou and Nicolas Demertzis 7 Extreme Nationalism and the Hatred of the Liberal State 124 Barry Richards 8 Trauma and the Politics of Fear: Europe at the Crossroads 143 Catarina Kinnvall 9 Collective Fear and Societal Change 167 Jack Barbalet and Nicolas Demertzis 10 Emotions of Protest 186 Dunya van Troost, Jacquelien van Stekelenburg and Bert Klandermans 11 Revolutionary Potential under Soviet-Type Regimes: The Role of Emotions in Explaining Transitions and Non-Transitions 204 Steven Saxonberg v vi Contents 12 Affects in the Arab Uprisings 228 Wendy Pearlman 13 Emotions and Nationalism: A Reappraisal 243 Jonathan Heaney Conclusion 264 Nicolas Demertzis References 270 Index 307 List of Figures and Tables Figures 2.1 Affective processing in temporal location with conscious awareness 22 6.1 Styles of agency as a result of the interaction of hope and political efficacy 105 6.2 Styles of agency of the ‘Indignati’ 109 10.1 Model of the socio-political context, emotions and protest behaviour 188 Tables 2.1 Processing capacities of preconscious systems and conscious awareness 23 2.2 Contrasting conceptions of citizenship 30 3.1 Experimental conditions and leader evaluations 50 3.2 Experimental conditions and emotional reactions 50 3.3 Trait manipulations and party identification as determinants of uneasiness and aversion 51 3.4 Trait assessments and party agreement as determinants of uneasiness and aversion 51 3.5 Uneasiness and aversion as determinants of political decision-making 52 6.1 Trust in political institutions and business 100 6.2 Economic insecurity and life dissatisfaction 101 10.1 Protest emotions and their appraisals 195 11.1 Comp onents of potential transition, failed uprisings and non-transitions 210 vii Acknowledgements I would like to thank the following persons who, in different but impor- tant ways, have contributed to the inception of the idea of this book and to its making: Helena Flam, Charlotte Bloch, Jack Barbalet, Chris Kyriakides, Yannis Stavrakakis, Alexandros Kyrtsis and Lila Roussou. viii Notes on Contributors Jack Barbalet is Professor and Head of the Sociology Department at Hong Kong Baptist University. He has previously held chief positions in sociology in Europe and Australia. Over the past 15 years he has made substantial contributions to the sociology of emotions. Currently, he is interested in economic sociology. His publications include Emotion, Social Theory and Social Structure (1998) and Weber, Passion and Profits: ‘The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism’ in Context (2008). He edited the Emotions and Sociology (2002) and co-edited the Religion and the State: A Comparative Sociology (2011). His articles have been pub- lished e xtensively in sociological reviews and collected volumes. Tereza Capelos is Senior Lecturer in Political Psychology, Electoral Behaviour and Public Opinion at the University of Surrey, School of Politics. She held positions as an assistant professor at Leiden University, postdoctoral research associate at the Center for Survey Research at Stony Brook University (USA) and visiting lecturer at the Cyprus University of Technology. Her current research examines the determinants of candidate evaluations and impression formation, repu- tation management, political scandals and accountability, the role of affect and emotions in politics, political tolerance, political knowledge, mass media and civic competence. She is the Co-chair of the ECPR Political Psychology Section, Vice President of the International Society of Political Psychology and Director of the International Society of Political Psychology Summer Academy (ISPP-SA). Bettina Davou is Professor of Psychology and director of the Laboratory for Psychological Applications and Communication Planning at the National and Kopodistrian University of Athens, Faculty of Communication and Media Studies. She is a chartered psychologist and associate fellow of the British Psychological Society. Amongst her published books are: Feeling, Communicating and Thinking Readings on the Emotional and Communicational Aspects of Learning (1998), Thought Processes in the Age of Information: Issues on Cognitive Psychology and Communication (2000) and Children and Media: Transformations of the Childhood Condition (2005). Her current research interests include media psychology and the psychology of emotions. ix